1、查找比Abel工资高的员工
#方式一:SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='Abel';SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >11000;#方式二:自连接SELECT e2.last_name, e2.salary
FROM employees e1, employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name ='Abel'AND e1.salary < e2.salary;#方式三:子查询SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='Abel');
题目中子查询和自连接方式对比,自连接效率更高。
子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断。
自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断,因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。
2、 单行子查询
2.1、单行比较查询
单行比较操作符 >=>=<=<<>
1、题目:查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =149);2、题目:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =(SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =141)AND salary >(SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =143);3、题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary =(SELECTMIN(salary)FROM employees);4、查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id,manager_id,department_id
# 实现方式1:不成对比较SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(174,141))AND department_id IN(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(174,141))AND employee_id NOTIN(174,141);# 实现方式2:成对比较SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE(manager_id, department_id)IN(SELECT manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(141,174))AND employee_id NOTIN(141,174);
3、题目:查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employees e
ORDERBY(SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
);4、题目:若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE2<=(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROM job_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);
5、EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字
关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用,用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。
如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行:条件返回 FALSE,继续在子查询中查找。
如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行:条件返回 TRUE,不再子查询中继续查找。
NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
1、题目:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息
# 方式一:SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees e1
WHEREEXISTS(SELECT*FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.manager_id);# 方式二:自连接SELECTDISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.employee_id;# 方式三:SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(SELECTDISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees);2、题目:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments d
WHERENOTEXISTS(SELECT*FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.department_id);
6、练习
嵌套select子表,子表必须要有别名。From … rename.
作为函数子集,子表不能有别名。ANY(no name);
#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='Zlotkey');#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(SELECTAVG(salary)FROM employees);#3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salarySELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >ALL(SELECT salary FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='SA_MAN');#4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE'%u%');#5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id =1700);#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(SELECT employee_id FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='King');#7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salarySELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary =(SELECTMIN(salary)FROM employees);
#8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息 -- 步骤拆分# i: 构造部门平均工资子表SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id;# ii: 从子表选出部门最低平均工资,子表要有别名# 不能直接MIN(SELECT...),SELECTMIN(dept_avgsal)FROM(i) t_dept_avgsal;# 第ii步不能SELECT department_id,MIN(dept_avgsal) ...,# 会出现 department_id为 NULL,MIN(dept_avgsal) 正常# iii: 根据平均工资,选出最低平均工资对应的部门idSELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(ii);## iv: 选出dept_Id对应的部门信息SELECT*FROM departments WHERE department_id =(iii);-- 方法1SELECT*FROM departments
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTMIN(dept_avgsal)FROM(SELECTAVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id) t_dept_avgsal));-- 嵌套select子表要有别名-- 方法2 <=ALLSELECT*FROM departments
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)<=ALL(SELECTAVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id));-- 作为变量不能有子表名-- 方法3 ORDER BY LIMIT SELECT*FROM departments
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTAVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY dept_avgsal
LIMIT0,1));-- 不能有子表名-- 方法4 SELECT*FROM departments d,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY dept_avgsal
LIMIT0,1) t_dept_avgsal
WHERE d.department_id = t_dept_avgsal.department_id;
#9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)# 方法1:SELECT d.*,AVG(salary)FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
GROUPBY e.department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTMIN(avg_sal)FROM(SELECTAVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id) t_avg_sal);# 方法2:SELECT d.*,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE d.department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)<=ALL(SELECTAVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id));# 方法3: SELECT d.*,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE d.department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTAVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY avg_sal
LIMIT0,1));# 方法4: SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d
JOIN(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTAVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY avg_sal
LIMIT0,1)) t_avg_sal
ON d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;# 方法5: SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)=(SELECTAVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY avg_sal
LIMIT0,1)) t_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;# 方法6: SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY avg_sal
LIMIT0,1) t_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;
#10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息SELECT j.*, avg_sal
FROM jobs j,(SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY job_id
ORDERBY avg_sal DESCLIMIT0,1) t_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = t_avg_sal.job_id;#11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
WHERE department_id ISNOTNULL-- 注意GROUPBY department_id
HAVING avg_sal >(SELECTAVG(salary)FROM employees);#12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息SELECT*FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(SELECTDISTINCT manager_id FROM employees);SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHEREEXISTS(SELECT*FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id);#13.各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资员工信息?SELECT employee_id,MIN(salary)FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBY max_sal
LIMIT0,1) dept_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = dept_max_sal.department_id
#14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salarySELECT last_name, employee_id, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees e,(SELECT manager_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
ORDERBYAVG(salary)DESCLIMIT0,1)) t_magr
WHERE e.employee_id = t_magr.manager_id;SELECT employee_id,last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(SELECTDISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =(SELECT department_id
FROM employees e
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGAVG(salary)>=ALL(SELECTAVG(salary)FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
)));#15. 查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOTIN(SELECTDISTINCT department_id -- distinct可去FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='ST_CLERK');SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERENOTEXISTS(SELECT*FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`= e.`department_id`AND job_id ='ST_CLERK');#16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_nameSELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id ISNULL;SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERENOTEXISTS(SELECT*FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
);#17.查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id =(SELECT employee_id FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='De Haan');#18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(相关子查询)SELECT e.employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id) t_avgsal
WHERE e.department_id = t_avgsal.department_id -- 注意是department_idAND salary > t_avgsal.avg_sal;# 相关子查询SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(SELECT department_id FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVING salary >AVG(salary));#19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称(相关子查询)SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUPBY department_id
HAVINGCOUNT(employee_id)>5);SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE5<(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`= e.`department_id`);#20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号(相关子查询)SELECT country_id
FROM locations
WHERE location_id IN(SELECT location_id
FROM departments
GROUPBY location_id
HAVINGCOUNT(department_id)>2);SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE2<(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROM departments d
WHERE l.`location_id`= d.`location_id`);