WSGI的理解（转载）

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-04 16:28:50 发布

richardjiafei

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-04 16:28:50 发布

阅读量231

点赞数

wsgi是一个搞web开发的pythoner必须了解的内容，之前也零散的看过一些文章，但总感觉好多概念很模糊。这几天抽空又把相关内容好好整理了一下，把笔记贴出来，一些只言片语也许对某些正在研究这个的人有所帮助。

wsgi 是一个 web 组件的接口规范.，wsgi将 web 组件分为三类： web服务器,web中间件,web应用程序， 下图来自ibm developerworks ，很好的说明了三者之间的关系

从上图可以看出来，wsgi基本处理模式为： WSGI Server -> (WSGI Middleware)* -> WSGI Application 。

下面分别来看这三个组件

WSGI Server/gateway

wsgi server可以理解为一个符合wsgi规范的web server，接收request请求，封装一系列环境变量，按照wsgi规范调用注册的wsgi app，最后将response返回给客户端。文字很难解释清楚wsgi server到底是什么东西，以及做些什么事情，最直观的方式还是看wsgi server的实现代码。以python自带的wsgiref为例，wsgiref是按照wsgi规范实现的一个简单wsgi server。它的代码也不复杂，下图是我读wsgiref代码后整理的。

通过这个图可以看出来wsgi server 基本工作流程

服务器创建socket，监听端口，等待客户端连接。
当有请求来时，服务器解析客户端信息放到环境变量environ中，并调用绑定的handler来处理请求。
handler解析这个http请求，将请求信息例如method，path等放到environ中。
wsgi handler再将一些服务器端信息也放到environ中，最后服务器信息，客户端信息，本次请求信息全部都保存到了环境变量environ中。
wsgi handler 调用注册的wsgi app，并将environ和回调函数传给wsgi app
wsgi app 将reponse header/status/body 回传给wsgi handler
最终handler还是通过socket将response信息塞回给客户端。

WSGI Application

wsgi application就是一个普通的callable对象，当有请求到来时，wsgi server会调用这个wsgi app。这个对象接收两个参数，通常为environ,start_response。environ就像前面介绍的，可以理解为环境变量，跟一次请求相关的所有信息都保存在了这个环境变量中，包括服务器信息，客户端信息，请求信息。start_response是一个callback函数，wsgi application通过调用start_response，将response headers/status 返回给wsgi server。此外这个wsgi app会return 一个iterator对象，这个iterator就是response body。这么空讲感觉很虚，对着下面这个简单的例子看就明白很多了。

下面这个例子是一个最简单的wsgi app，引自 http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> simple_app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    status </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'200 OK'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    response_headers </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/plain'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">status</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> response_headers</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">u</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"This is hello wsgi app"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">encode</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'utf8'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)]</span>

我们再用wsgiref 作为wsgi server ，然后调用这个wsgi app，就能直观看到一次request,response的效果，简单修改代码如下：

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> wsgiref</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">simple_server </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server

</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> simple_app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    status </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'200 OK'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    response_headers </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/plain'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">status</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> response_headers</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">u</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"This is hello wsgi app"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">encode</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'utf8'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

httpd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">''</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#06666;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">8000</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> simple_app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"Serving on port 8000..."</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
httpd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">serve_forever</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span>

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000 就能看到效果了。

此外，上面讲到了wsgi app只要是一个callable对象就可以了，因此不一定要是函数，一个实现了__call__方法的实例也可以，示例代码如下：

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> wsgiref</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">simple_server </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server

</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">AppClass</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> __call__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        status </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'200 OK'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        response_headers </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/plain'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">status</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> response_headers</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"hello world!"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">AppClass</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
httpd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">''</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#06666;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">8000</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"Serving on port 8000..."</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
httpd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">serve_forever</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span>

WSGI MiddleWare

上面的application看起来没什么意思，感觉没有太大用，但加上一层层的middleware包装之后就不一样了。一堆文字解释可能还没有一个demo更容易说明白，我写了一个简单Dispatcher Middleware，用来实现URL 路由：

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> wsgiref</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">simple_server </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server

URL_PATTERNS</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'hi/'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'say_hi'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">),</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'hello/'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'say_hello'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">),</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">Dispatcher</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">object</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> _match</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">path</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        path </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> path</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">split</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'/'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)[</span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#06666;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> url</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> URL_PATTERNS</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">if</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> path </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> url</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
                </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app

    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> __call__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        path </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">get</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'PATH_INFO'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'/'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">_match</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">path</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">if</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> globals</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">else</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"404 NOT FOUND"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/plain'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)])</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"Page dose not exists!"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> say_hi</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"200 OK"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/html'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)])</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"kenshin say hi to you!"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> say_hello</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"200 OK"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,[(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'Content-type'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">'text/html'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)])</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"kenshin say hello to you!"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">Dispatcher</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

httpd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">''</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#06666;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">8000</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"Serving on port 8000..."</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
httpd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">serve_forever</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span>

上面的例子可以看出来，middleware 包装之后，一个简单wsgi app就有了URL dispatch功能。然后我还可以在这个app外面再加上其它的middleware来包装它，例如加一个权限认证的middleware：

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">Auth</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">object</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> __init__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> app

    </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> __call__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#8800;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">#TODO</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
        </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">environ</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> start_response</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">Dispatcher</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
auth_app </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">Auth</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">

httpd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> make_server</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">''</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#06666;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">8000</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> auth_app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0880;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">"Serving on port 8000..."</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
httpd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">serve_forever</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span>

经过这些middleware的包装，已经有点框架的感觉了。其实基于wsgi的框架，例如paste,pylons就是这样通过一层层middleware组合起来的。只是一个成熟的框架，这样的middleware会有很多，例如：

<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> configure</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
   </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#0088;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">ErrorHandlerMiddleware</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
           </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">SessionMiddleware</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
            </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">IdentificationMiddleware</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
             </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">AuthenticationMiddleware</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">
              </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66066;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">UrlParserMiddleware</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#000000;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">app</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#66660;border:0px; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline;">))))))</span>

只要这些Middleware符合wsgi规范，甚至还可以在各个框架之间组合重用。例如pylons的认证Middleware可以直接被TurboGears拿去使用。

好了，各个部分都写完了，以后有时间再看看pylons的代码，相信又会对wsgi有很多新的理解。

richardjiafei

关注

0
点赞
踩
0

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
WSGI的理解（转载）

wsgi是一个搞web开发的pythoner必须了解的内容，之前也零散的看过一些文章，但总感觉好多概念很模糊。这几天抽空又把相关内容好好整理了一下，把笔记贴出来，一些只言片语也许对某些正在研究这个的人有所帮助。 wsgi 是一个 web 组件的接口规范.，wsgi将 web 组件分为三类： web服务器,web中间件,web应用程序，下图来自ibm develope
复制链接

扫一扫