LRU缓存算法介绍与实现

LRU缓存的算法思想是把最近最少使用的数据移除，让给最新读取的数据。而往往最常读取的，也是读取次数最多的。所以，利用LRU缓存，我们能够提高系统的性能.

要实现LRU缓存，我们首先要用到一个类 LinkedHashMap。 用这个类有两大好处：一是它本身已经实现了按照访问顺序的存储，也就是说，最近读取的会放在最前面，最最不常读取的会放在最后（当然，它也可以实现按照插入顺序存储）。第二，LinkedHashMap本身有一个方法用于判断是否需要移除最不常读取的数，但是，原始方法默认不移除，所以，我们需要override这样一个方法，使得当缓存里存放的数据个数超过规定个数后，就把最不常用的移除掉。已经有人基于 LinkedHashMap写出来LRU算法了，而且写得很漂亮。代码如下：

import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.ArrayList;

/**
* An LRU cache, based on <code>LinkedHashMap</code>.
*
* <p>
* This cache has a fixed maximum number of elements (<code>cacheSize</code>).
* If the cache is full and another entry is added, the LRU (least recently used) entry is dropped.
*
* <p>
* This class is thread-safe. All methods of this class are synchronized.
*
* <p>
* Author: Christian d'Heureuse, Inventec Informatik AG, Zurich, Switzerland<br>
* Multi-licensed: EPL / LGPL / GPL / AL / BSD.
*/
public class LRUCache<K,V> {

private static final float   hashTableLoadFactor = 0.75f;

private LinkedHashMap<K,V>   map;
private int                  cacheSize;

/**
* Creates a new LRU cache.
* @param cacheSize the maximum number of entries that will be kept in this cache.
*/
public LRUCache (int cacheSize) {
   this.cacheSize = cacheSize;
   int hashTableCapacity = (int)Math.ceil(cacheSize / hashTableLoadFactor) + 1;
   map = new LinkedHashMap<K,V>(hashTableCapacity, hashTableLoadFactor, true) {
      // (an anonymous inner class)
      private static final long serialVersionUID = 1;
      @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry (Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) {
         return size() > LRUCache.this.cacheSize; 
	}
   }; 
}

/**
* Retrieves an entry from the cache.<br>
* The retrieved entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry.
* @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned.
* @return    the value associated to this key, or null if no value with this key exists in the cache.
*/
public synchronized V get (K key) {
   return map.get(key); 
}

/**
* Adds an entry to this cache.
* The new entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry.
* If an entry with the specified key already exists in the cache, it is replaced by the new entry.
* If the cache is full, the LRU (least recently used) entry is removed from the cache.
* @param key    the key with which the specified value is to be associated.
* @param value  a value to be associated with the specified key.
*/
public synchronized void put (K key, V value) {
   map.put (key, value);
}

/**
* Clears the cache.
*/
public synchronized void clear() {
   map.clear();
}

/**
* Returns the number of used entries in the cache.
* @return the number of entries currently in the cache.
*/
public synchronized int usedEntries() {
   return map.size();
}

/**
* Returns a <code>Collection</code> that contains a copy of all cache entries.
* @return a <code>Collection</code> with a copy of the cache content.
*/
public synchronized Collection<Map.Entry<K,V>> getAll() {
   return new ArrayList<Map.Entry<K,V>>(map.entrySet()); 
}

} // end class LRUCache
//------------------------------测试用例-----------------------------------
// Test routine for the LRUCache class.
public static void main (String[] args) {
   LRUCache<String,String> c = new LRUCache<String, String>(3);
   c.put ("1", "one");                           // 1
   c.put ("2", "two");                           // 2 1
   c.put ("3", "three");                         // 3 2 1
   c.put ("4", "four");                          // 4 3 2
   if (c.get("2") == null) throw new Error();    // 2 4 3
   c.put ("5", "five");                          // 5 2 4
   c.put ("4", "second four");                   // 4 5 2
   // Verify cache content.
   if (c.usedEntries() != 3)              throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("4").equals("second four")) throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("5").equals("five"))        throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("2").equals("two"))         throw new Error();
   // List cache content.
   for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : c.getAll()){
      System.out.println (e.getKey() + " : " + e.getValue());
   }
}