iOS多线程：GCD常用的多并发方法

最新推荐文章于 2021-03-28 23:56:31 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-03-28 23:56:31 发布

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分类专栏： iOS 文章标签： dispatch_barrier_async dispatch_group_async dispatch_semaphore_t iOS多线程 dispatch_semaphore_wait

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/rockwg/article/details/103896325

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最近在梳理iOS线程知识点，把常用的写下来，一方面方便记忆，也有利于后面复习，关于GCD的线程队列的方法这里就不再细致讲述，除了阻塞的情况需要注意下，另一篇文章中有专门针对阻塞做了介绍，其他串行、并行、同步、异步组合使用都好理解；这里就介绍下根据项目业务情况，常会使用到的一些GCD的方法

一：dispatch_after

/**
 * 延时执行方法 dispatch_after
 */
- (void)dispatchAfter {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"asyncMain---begin");
    
    dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(2.0 * NSEC_PER_SEC)), dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        // 2.0 秒后异步任务代码到主队列，并开始执行
        NSLog(@"after---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
}

2020-01-14 19:56:50.174397+0800 Practice[30060:2516484] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x60000106ad80>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 19:56:50.174535+0800 Practice[30060:2516484] asyncMain---begin
2020-01-14 19:56:52.174763+0800 Practice[30060:2516484] after---<NSThread: 0x60000106ad80>{number = 1, name = main}

这里需要说明的是，dispatch_after不是在2秒之后开始执行任务，而是在2秒之后才开始把任务添加到队列中。

二、dispatch_apply

/**
 * 快速迭代方法 dispatch_apply
 */
- (void)dispatchApply {
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
    NSLog(@"apply---begin");
        
    NSTimeInterval start1 = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970];
    dispatch_apply(6, queue, ^(size_t index) {
        NSLog(@"%zd---%@",index, [NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    NSLog(@"apply---end");
}

输出日志：

2020-01-14 20:01:19.805576+0800 Practice[30117:2521131] apply---begin
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805779+0800 Practice[30117:2521131] 0---<NSThread: 0x600002f31280>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805848+0800 Practice[30117:2521183] 1---<NSThread: 0x600002f13a40>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805866+0800 Practice[30117:2521182] 3---<NSThread: 0x600002f4c5c0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805866+0800 Practice[30117:2521184] 2---<NSThread: 0x600002f4c580>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805873+0800 Practice[30117:2521181] 4---<NSThread: 0x600002f5b900>{number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.805913+0800 Practice[30117:2521346] 5---<NSThread: 0x600002fa82c0>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:01:19.806006+0800 Practice[30117:2521131] apply---end

dispatch_apply会阻塞当前线程，直到遍历任务执行完，才会继续向下执行，遍历过程中会开启多个线程执行任务，这个方法在大的并发量中才会体现优势，上代码如下：

- (void)dispatchApply {
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
    NSLog(@"apply---begin");

    int flag = 150000;

    NSTimeInterval start1 = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970];
    dispatch_apply(flag, queue, ^(size_t index) {
        NSLog(@"%zd---%@",index, [NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    NSTimeInterval end1 = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970];
    NSLog(@"surplus1 = %f", end1 - start1);
    NSLog(@"apply---end");

    NSTimeInterval start2 = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970];
    for (int i = 0; i < flag; i ++) {
        NSLog(@"%d---%@",i, [NSThread currentThread]);
    }
    NSTimeInterval end2 = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970];
    NSLog(@"surplus2 = %f", end2 - start2);
}

设置大并发量flag=150000,输出时间对比：

2020-01-14 20:06:08.890703+0800 Practice[30166:2524954] surplus1 = 19.610913
2020-01-14 20:06:35.516065+0800 Practice[30166:2524954] surplus2 = 26.625173

在大并发量下，两种方式耗时时间对比比较明显

三、dispatch_barrier_async：栅栏防范，实现让一部分异步操作先执行，执行完，后面的异步操作再执行；

代码展示如下：

- (void)barrierTest {
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("net.cloudsky.testQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
    
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 1
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"1---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 2
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"2---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    dispatch_barrier_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 barrier
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"barrier---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 3
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"3---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 4
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"4---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
}

日志输出：

2020-01-14 20:08:36.381930+0800 Practice[30194:2528006] 1---<NSThread: 0x600003137400>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:08:36.381930+0800 Practice[30194:2528004] 2---<NSThread: 0x6000031a5180>{number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:08:38.385603+0800 Practice[30194:2528006] barrier---<NSThread: 0x600003137400>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:08:40.388811+0800 Practice[30194:2528006] 3---<NSThread: 0x600003137400>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:08:40.388812+0800 Practice[30194:2528004] 4---<NSThread: 0x6000031a5180>{number = 6, name = (null)}

可以看出，barrier会让1、2的任务先执行完，再执行3、4的任务

四、dispatch_group_t: 队列组，可将执行操作的多个任务添加到队列中，再将队列添加到队列组中，可添加多个队列，分组执行任务，执行完发出通知做后面的操作；总结下来，有三种实现方式能够达到这种效果，下面一一列出：

1、dispatch_group_notify，利用这种方式在执行完一系列操作后通知主线程执行操作，示例代码如下：

- (void)groupNotify {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"group---begin");
    
    dispatch_group_t group =  dispatch_group_create();
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        // 任务 1
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"1---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        // 任务 2
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"2---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        // 等前面的异步任务 1、任务 2 都执行完毕后，回到主线程执行下边任务
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"3---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);

        NSLog(@"group---end");
    });
}

日志输出：

2020-01-14 20:10:24.327701+0800 Practice[30221:2529716] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x600002106140>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:10:24.327827+0800 Practice[30221:2529716] group---begin
2020-01-14 20:10:26.331691+0800 Practice[30221:2529783] 1---<NSThread: 0x60000213dc00>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:10:26.331737+0800 Practice[30221:2529788] 2---<NSThread: 0x600002182080>{number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:10:28.333223+0800 Practice[30221:2529716] 3---<NSThread: 0x600002106140>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:10:28.333571+0800 Practice[30221:2529716] group---end

可以看到，异步队列组中的任务全部执行完后，dispatch_group_notify接收到通知并做更新操作，如任务3的执行。

2、dispatch_group_wait

- (void)groupWait {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"group---begin");
    
    dispatch_group_t group =  dispatch_group_create();
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        // 任务 1
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"1---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        // 任务 2
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"2---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    });
    
    // 等待上面的任务全部完成后，会往下继续执行（会阻塞当前线程）
    dispatch_group_wait(group, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    NSLog(@"group---end");
}

日志：

2020-01-14 20:12:52.973077+0800 Practice[30254:2532086] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x6000010dedc0>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:12:52.973219+0800 Practice[30254:2532086] group---begin
2020-01-14 20:12:54.978057+0800 Practice[30254:2532140] 1---<NSThread: 0x6000010b4580>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:12:54.978056+0800 Practice[30254:2532139] 2---<NSThread: 0x600001089cc0>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:12:54.978461+0800 Practice[30254:2532086] group---end

说明：dispatch_group_wait会阻塞当前线程，待异步队列组中的任务执行完后，才会放通向下继续执行，执行效果上跟前者类似。

3、dispatch_group_enter、dispatch_group_leave，通过这两个方法配合dispatch_async使用，也能达到队列组的效果；dispatch_group_enter、dispatch_group_leave有些类似引用计数的原理，进行+1，-1的操作，二者必须成对出现，当计数为0时，代表当前队列组中的任务已经执行完毕，可以继续向下执行；示例代码如下：

- (void)groupEnterAndLeave {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"group---begin");
    
    dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
    dispatch_group_enter(group);
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 1
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"1---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);

        dispatch_group_leave(group);
    });
    
    dispatch_group_enter(group);
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 2
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"2---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        
        dispatch_group_leave(group);
    });
    
    dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        // 等前面的异步操作都执行完毕后，回到主线程.
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"3---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    
        NSLog(@"group---end");
    });
}

日志：

2020-01-14 20:16:53.427547+0800 Practice[30298:2535216] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x600000f06e40>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:16:53.427682+0800 Practice[30298:2535216] group---begin
2020-01-14 20:16:55.430099+0800 Practice[30298:2535269] 1---<NSThread: 0x600000f69440>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:16:55.430109+0800 Practice[30298:2535270] 2---<NSThread: 0x600000f62740>{number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:16:57.431377+0800 Practice[30298:2535216] 3---<NSThread: 0x600000f06e40>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:16:57.431571+0800 Practice[30298:2535216] group---end

总结：实现效果上，这三种方式都能达到执行多个异步任务，最终返回刷新的效果，可根据项目实际情况选择使用。

五、关于信号量semaphore，个人理解信号量是用来控制在相同时间对同一资源的访问，有点类似加锁；

信号量常用方法如下：

dispatch_semaphore_create(1)：创建信号量，并使信号量的初始值为1，即当前只能允许一个访问；当然根据初始值传入的不同，可控制当前允许访问的个数；

dispatch_semaphore_signal：使当前允许访问的个数加1；

dispatch_semaphore_wait：使当前允许访问的个数减1，当允许访问的个数为0时，后续的访问操作将无法执行，即资源不再开放访问；

常使用的场景如下：

示例1：阻塞同一线程；

- (void)semaphoreSync {
    
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"semaphore---begin");
    
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
    dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
    
    __block int number = 0;
    dispatch_async(queue, ^{
        // 任务 1
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];              // 模拟耗时操作
        NSLog(@"1---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        
        number = 100;
        
        dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
    });
    
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    NSLog(@"semaphore---end,number = %zd",number);
}

输出日志：

020-01-14 20:19:23.123990+0800 Practice[30325:2537438] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x600002a52e40>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:19:23.124126+0800 Practice[30325:2537438] semaphore---begin
2020-01-14 20:19:25.127939+0800 Practice[30325:2537509] 1---<NSThread: 0x600002a39180>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:19:25.128293+0800 Practice[30325:2537438] semaphore---end,number = 100

说明：由于创建信号量时，初始值为0，程序不会等异步任务dispatch_async执行完，而是继续向下执行，当主线程执行到dispatch_semaphore_wait时被阻塞，不再向下执行，当执行完dispatch_async中的任务时，dispatch_semaphore_signal发出信号，使信号量的值+1，这时主线程会被放通不再被阻塞，继续向下执行并打印输出结果；

示例2：多并发情况下控制对同一资源的访问，保证数据的实时准确性，这点在票务系统上体现的比较明显，示例代码如下：

第一种，线程不安全的情况：

- (void)buyTicketNotSafe {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"semaphore---begin");
        
    self.totalTicketsCount = 50;
    
    // queue1 代表城市1火车票售卖窗口
    dispatch_queue_t queue1 = dispatch_queue_create("net.cloudsky.testQueue1", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
    // queue2 代表城市2火车票售卖窗口
    dispatch_queue_t queue2 = dispatch_queue_create("net.cloudsky.testQueue2", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
    
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    dispatch_async(queue1, ^{
        [weakSelf saleTicketNotSafe];
    });
    
    dispatch_async(queue2, ^{
        [weakSelf saleTicketNotSafe];
    });
}

/**
 * 售卖火车票（线程不安全）
 */
- (void)saleTicketNotSafe {
    while (1) {
        if (self.totalTicketsCount > 0) {  // 如果还有票，继续售卖
            self.totalTicketsCount--;
            NSLog(@"%@", [NSString stringWithFormat:@"剩余票数：%d 窗口：%@", self.totalTicketsCount, [NSThread currentThread]]);
            [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.2];
        } else { // 如果已卖完，关闭售票窗口
            NSLog(@"所有火车票均已售完");
            break;
        }
    }
}

输出日志：

2020-01-14 20:24:59.041765+0800 Practice[30386:2542921] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x6000020c6e40>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.041896+0800 Practice[30386:2542921] semaphore---begin
2020-01-14 20:24:59.042142+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：49 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.042158+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：48 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.245586+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：46 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.245609+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：47 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.447427+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：44 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.447435+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：45 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.650666+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：43 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.650677+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：42 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.854681+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：40 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:24:59.854697+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：41 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.057841+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：39 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.057841+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：38 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.263159+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：36 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.263159+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：37 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.465090+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：35 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.465110+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：35 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.666917+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：33 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.666914+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：34 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.871344+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：31 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:00.871344+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：32 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.075880+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：30 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.075880+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：29 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.280835+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：27 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.280843+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：28 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.481270+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：26 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.481270+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：26 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.683215+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：24 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.683215+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：25 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.885917+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：23 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:01.885924+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：22 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.087981+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：21 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.087987+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：20 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.288467+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：19 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.288471+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：18 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.491659+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：17 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.491670+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：16 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.697167+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：14 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.697167+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：15 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.898063+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：13 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:02.898063+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：12 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.101597+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：11 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.101614+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：10 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.304368+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：8 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.304368+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：9 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.505029+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：7 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.505035+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：6 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.705613+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：5 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.705630+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：4 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.905898+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：3 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:03.905908+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：2 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:04.108431+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 剩余票数：0 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000020bcdc0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:04.108429+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 剩余票数：1 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600002045200>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:25:04.310634+0800 Practice[30386:2542970] 所有火车票均已售完
2020-01-14 20:25:04.310650+0800 Practice[30386:2542971] 所有火车票均已售完

可以看到，当多个线程访问同一资源，当资源发生改变时，数据会不准确。

第二种：线程安全：

/**
 * 线程安全：使用 semaphore 加锁
 * 初始化火车票数量、卖票窗口（线程安全）、并开始卖票
 */
- (void)buyTicketSafe {
    NSLog(@"currentThread---%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    NSLog(@"semaphore---begin");
    
    semaphoreLock = dispatch_semaphore_create(1);
    
    self.totalTicketsCount = 50;
    
    // queue1 代表城市1火车票售卖窗口
    dispatch_queue_t queue1 = dispatch_queue_create("net.cloudsky.testQueue1", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
    // queue2 代表城市2火车票售卖窗口
    dispatch_queue_t queue2 = dispatch_queue_create("net.cloudsky.testQueue2", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
    
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    dispatch_async(queue1, ^{
        [weakSelf saleTicketSafe];
    });
    
    dispatch_async(queue2, ^{
        [weakSelf saleTicketSafe];
    });
}

/**
 * 售卖火车票（线程安全）
 */
- (void)saleTicketSafe {
    while (1) {
        // 相当于加锁
        dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphoreLock, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
        
        if (self.totalTicketsCount > 0) {  // 如果还有票，继续售卖
            self.totalTicketsCount--;
            NSLog(@"%@", [NSString stringWithFormat:@"剩余票数：%d 窗口：%@", self.totalTicketsCount, [NSThread currentThread]]);
            [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.2];
        } else { // 如果已卖完，关闭售票窗口
            NSLog(@"所有火车票均已售完");
            
            // 相当于解锁
            dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphoreLock);
            break;
        }
        
        // 相当于解锁
        dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphoreLock);
    }
}

日志：

2020-01-14 20:28:11.689914+0800 Practice[30418:2546067] currentThread---<NSThread: 0x600000736080>{number = 1, name = main}
2020-01-14 20:28:11.690040+0800 Practice[30418:2546067] semaphore---begin
2020-01-14 20:28:11.690368+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：49 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:11.890740+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：48 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:12.094728+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：47 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:12.297269+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：46 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:12.502602+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：45 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:12.706331+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：44 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:12.906836+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：43 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:13.107579+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：42 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:13.310564+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：41 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:13.513896+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：40 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:13.714300+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：39 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:13.914735+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：38 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:14.119221+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：37 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:14.322066+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：36 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:14.524925+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：35 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:14.728081+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：34 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:14.931475+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：33 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:15.133113+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：32 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:15.337582+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：31 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:15.539476+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：30 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:15.742918+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：29 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:15.947115+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：28 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:16.151334+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：27 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:16.356116+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：26 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:16.558461+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：25 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:16.761620+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：24 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:16.963740+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：23 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:17.166348+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：22 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:17.367036+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：21 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:17.572432+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：20 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:17.777916+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：19 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:17.980030+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：18 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:18.185497+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：17 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:18.388987+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：16 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:18.589401+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：15 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:18.789993+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：14 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:18.994816+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：13 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:19.200268+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：12 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:19.401382+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：11 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:19.605777+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：10 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:19.811006+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：9 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:20.016176+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：8 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:20.217251+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：7 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:20.422595+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：6 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:20.628031+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：5 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:20.833101+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：4 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:21.034921+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：3 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:21.237287+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：2 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:21.439123+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 剩余票数：1 窗口：<NSThread: 0x600000766480>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:21.640437+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 剩余票数：0 窗口：<NSThread: 0x6000007a8400>{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-14 20:28:21.841116+0800 Practice[30418:2546177] 所有火车票均已售完
2020-01-14 20:28:21.841347+0800 Practice[30418:2546560] 所有火车票均已售完

说明：多并发情况下通过dispatch_semaphore_signal，dispatch_semaphore_wait控制信号量的信号数，实现加锁的功能，保证同一时间资源只被一个操作访问和改变，保证当前显示的票数是真实准确的，当然线程锁也能达到同样的效果；如果多并发情况下不对资源访问加以控制，同一时间多个线程访问改变同一资源，就会带来资源数据的不准确性。

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