Leetcode 1457. Pseudo-Palindromic Paths in a Binary Tree (二叉树遍历题)

1457. Pseudo-Palindromic Paths in a Binary Tree
      Medium
      Given a binary tree where node values are digits from 1 to 9. A path in the binary tree is said to be pseudo-palindromic if at least one permutation of the node values in the path is a palindrome.

Return the number of pseudo-palindromic paths going from the root node to leaf nodes.

Example 1:

Input: root = [2,3,1,3,1,null,1]
Output: 2
Explanation: The figure above represents the given binary tree. There are three paths going from the root node to leaf nodes: the red path [2,3,3], the green path [2,1,1], and the path [2,3,1]. Among these paths only red path and green path are pseudo-palindromic paths since the red path [2,3,3] can be rearranged in [3,2,3] (palindrome) and the green path [2,1,1] can be rearranged in [1,2,1] (palindrome).
Example 2:

Input: root = [2,1,1,1,3,null,null,null,null,null,1]
Output: 1
Explanation: The figure above represents the given binary tree. There are three paths going from the root node to leaf nodes: the green path [2,1,1], the path [2,1,3,1], and the path [2,1]. Among these paths only the green path is pseudo-palindromic since [2,1,1] can be rearranged in [1,2,1] (palindrome).
Example 3:

Input: root = [9]
Output: 1

Constraints:

The number of nodes in the tree is in the range [1, 105].
1 <= Node.val <= 9

解法1：
注意：这里的path是指从root到leaf。
怎么才能算pseudo-palindromic呢? 只要统计出1-9每个数字的个数，如果奇数个的个数<=1就算！

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * struct TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left;
 *     TreeNode *right;
 *     TreeNode() : val(0), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x, TreeNode *left, TreeNode *right) : val(x), left(left), right(right) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    int pseudoPalindromicPaths (TreeNode* root) {
        pathNum.resize(10, 0);
        helper(root);
        return count;
    }
private:
    vector<int> pathNum;
    int count = 0;
    void helper(TreeNode *root) {
        if (!root) return;
        pathNum[root->val]++;
        if (!root->left && !root->right) {
            int oddNum = 0, evenNum = 0;
            for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
                if (pathNum[i] & 0x1) oddNum++;
                else evenNum++;
            }
            if (oddNum <= 1) {
                count++;
                //return;
            }
            pathNum[root->val]--; //记得这里也要--
            return;
        }
        helper(root->left);
        helper(root->right);
        pathNum[root->val]--;
        return;        
    }
};

解法2：思路跟上面差不多，但是用XOR。
注意:

1. bitwise的操作优先级都很低，要加括号。比如
   (pathXor & (pathXor - 1)) == 0
   pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val));
2. 要用 pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val))， 不能直接用pathXor ^= root->val。
   否则如果有多个数的个数是奇数的话，pathXor看不出来。
   用pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val))的话，1-9每个数字个数是奇数还是偶数就一目了然了。
3. int x。 x & (x-1)会抹掉最后一个1。那么如果x=0的话，是不是也成立呢? 是的，因为0&(-1)=0.
   所以，如果pathXor有一个1，或者为全0，那么pathXor & (pathXor - 1)都是0。这个就可以作为有pseudo-palindromic的评判标准。

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * struct TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left;
 *     TreeNode *right;
 *     TreeNode() : val(0), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x, TreeNode *left, TreeNode *right) : val(x), left(left), right(right) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    int pseudoPalindromicPaths (TreeNode* root) {
        helper(root);
        return count;
    }
private:
    int pathXor = 0;
    int count = 0;
    void helper(TreeNode *root) {
        if (!root) return;
        pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val));
        if (!root->left && !root->right) {
            if ((pathXor & (pathXor - 1)) == 0) count++;
            pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val));
            return;
        }
        helper(root->left);
        helper(root->right);
        pathXor ^= (0x1 << (root->val));
        return;        
    }
};