介绍
Web Sockets API是HTML5的特性之一,可以通过一个Sockets实现在TCP协议层的全双工通信,Web Sockets目的是提供一个非常有效的通信工具,用来替代传统的Comet和Ajax长轮询操作。目前浏览器对其支持情况如下图:
Web Sockets通信原理
在开发Web应用的过程中,很多情况下需要实时更新数据,如股票操作和分析软件,机票酒店预订软件等等。一个实时HTTP请求的Web应用,其信息流程如下图所示:
目前比较常见的有两种解决方法: HTTP的方式和AJAX方式。他们的通信流程分别如下图所示:
左边是HTTP的方式,也是最早出现的通信方式,客户端发送HTTP Request通过Web Server请求数据库,将结果返回给客户端,但是这种方式在网络通信的过程中会阻碍客户端的UI线程,尤其在实时性要求比较高的场合,网络通信的时间长了以后会直接影响用户体验,于是就出现了AJAX。
右边是AJAX的方式,客户端需要HTTP Request的时候,发起一个JavaScript Call 调用AJAX Engine,由AJAX Engine在后台进行数据请求和处理,不阻碍UI线程,用户还可以和Web进行交互,服务器端数据Ready之后,将其返回给客户端进行UI更新。
对于实时性要求高的应用,利用AJAX技术发展出了长轮询操作(Polling)的技术,有很多代表如:Comet, Pushlets等等。长轮询操作的原理如下:
客户端发起一个HTTP Request,服务器端进行验证,验证通过之后,并不立刻返回数据,而是hold这个connection,当服务器端数据有更新的时候,将数据返回,返回之后客户端立刻再起一个HTTP Request从而实现实时数据更新。这种方式能够很好地实现应用数据的实时更新以及不阻碍UI线程,但是其很长时间有个HTTP connection在维持着,不仅对客户端造成很大的资源消耗,尤其对于流量和电池寿命都很有限的手机客户端,对服务器端也是非常大的挑战,没有一个应用上线,就需要维持一个Connection。而且代码量也比较大。
而Web Sockets API的出现很好地解决了这一问题,一旦连接建立之后,直接由Server端想客户端发数据,不需要每次单独见连接,极大地节省了流量和功耗。其原理图如下:
和传统长轮询操作比,使用Web Socket能够显著节省流量。下图为不同数据请求量的情况下,使用Web Sockets和长轮询的对比关系。
使用Web Sockets API
一个典型的Web Sockets应用创建的步骤如下图所示:
1. 创建一个Web Sockets的对象,代码如上图所示。其中url分别代表Scheme,Host,Port和Server。
2. 添加EventListener,可以监听链接状态,如上图中代码所示。链接状态有:onOpen, onMessage, onClose, onError。
3. 客户端发送消息。发送消息通过Web Sockets对象自带的send函数去发送。
4. 确保Server端已经运行。本例子通过python来创建一个本机的Server端。、
4. Web Sockets 例子
首先在WebSockets HTML文件在中创建如下代码:Load一个本地的ws://localhost:8080/echo URL
<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>WebSocket Test Page</title>
<script>
var log = function(s) {
if (document.readyState !== "complete") {
log.buffer.push(s);
} else {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += (s + "\n")
}
}
log.buffer = [];
url = "ws://localhost:8080/echo";
w = new WebSocket(url);
w.onopen = function() {
log("open");
w.send("thank you for accepting this Web Socket request");
}
w.onmessage = function(e) {
log(e.data);
}
w.onclose = function(e) {
log("closed");
}
window.onload = function() {
log(log.buffer.join("\n"));
document.getElementById("sendButton").onclick = function() {
w.send(document.getElementById("inputMessage").value);
}
}
</script>
<input type="text" id="inputMessage" value="Hello, Web Socket!"><button id="sendButton">Send</button>
<pre id="output"></pre>
用Python来写一个简单的本地Web Server来相应客户端请求,代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import asyncore
import socket
import struct
import time
import hashlib
class WebSocketConnection(asyncore.dispatcher_with_send):
def __init__(self, conn, server):
asyncore.dispatcher_with_send.__init__(self, conn)
self.server = server
self.server.sessions.append(self)
self.readystate = "connecting"
self.buffer = ""
def handle_read(self):
data = self.recv(1024)
self.buffer += data
if self.readystate == "connecting":
self.parse_connecting()
elif self.readystate == "open":
self.parse_frametype()
def handle_close(self):
self.server.sessions.remove(self)
self.close()
def parse_connecting(self):
header_end = self.buffer.find("\r\n\r\n")
if header_end == -1:
return
else:
header = self.buffer[:header_end]
# remove header and four bytes of line endings from buffer
self.buffer = self.buffer[header_end+4:]
header_lines = header.split("\r\n")
headers = {}
# validate HTTP request and construct location
method, path, protocol = header_lines[0].split(" ")
if method != "GET" or protocol != "HTTP/1.1" or path[0] != "/":
self.terminate()
return
# parse headers
for line in header_lines[1:]:
key, value = line.split(": ")
headers[key] = value
headers["Location"] = "ws://" + headers["Host"] + path
self.readystate = "open"
self.handler = self.server.handlers.get(path, None)(self)
if "Sec-WebSocket-Key1" in headers.keys():
self.send_server_handshake_76(headers)
else:
self.send_server_handshake_75(headers)
def terminate(self):
self.ready_state = "closed"
self.close()
def send_server_handshake_76(self, headers):
"""
Send the WebSocket Protocol v.76 handshake response
"""
key1 = headers["Sec-WebSocket-Key1"]
key2 = headers["Sec-WebSocket-Key2"]
# read additional 8 bytes from buffer
key3, self.buffer = self.buffer[:8], self.buffer[8:]
response_token = self.calculate_key(key1, key2, key3)
# write out response headers
self.send_bytes("HTTP/1.1 101 Web Socket Protocol Handshake\r\n")
self.send_bytes("Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n")
self.send_bytes("Connection: Upgrade\r\n")
self.send_bytes("Sec-WebSocket-Origin: %s\r\n" % headers["Origin"])
self.send_bytes("Sec-WebSocket-Location: %s\r\n" % headers["Location"])
if "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol" in headers:
protocol = headers["Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"]
self.send_bytes("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: %s\r\n" % protocol)
self.send_bytes("\r\n")
# write out hashed response token
self.send_bytes(response_token)
def calculate_key(self, key1, key2, key3):
# parse keys 1 and 2 by extracting numerical characters
num1 = int("".join([digit for digit in list(key1) if digit.isdigit()]))
spaces1 = len([char for char in list(key1) if char == " "])
num2 = int("".join([digit for digit in list(key2) if digit.isdigit()]))
spaces2 = len([char for char in list(key2) if char == " "])
combined = struct.pack(">II", num1/spaces1, num2/spaces2) + key3
# md5 sum the combined bytes
return hashlib.md5(combined).digest()
def send_server_handshake_75(self, headers):
"""
Send the WebSocket Protocol v.75 handshake response
"""
self.send_bytes("HTTP/1.1 101 Web Socket Protocol Handshake\r\n")
self.send_bytes("Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n")
self.send_bytes("Connection: Upgrade\r\n")
self.send_bytes("WebSocket-Origin: %s\r\n" % headers["Origin"])
self.send_bytes("WebSocket-Location: %s\r\n" % headers["Location"])
if "Protocol" in headers:
self.send_bytes("WebSocket-Protocol: %s\r\n" % headers["Protocol"])
self.send_bytes("\r\n")
def parse_frametype(self):
while len(self.buffer):
type_byte = self.buffer[0]
if type_byte == "\x00":
if not self.parse_textframe():
return
def parse_textframe(self):
terminator_index = self.buffer.find("\xFF")
if terminator_index != -1:
frame = self.buffer[1:terminator_index]
self.buffer = self.buffer[terminator_index+1:]
s = frame.decode("UTF8")
self.handler.dispatch(s)
return True
else:
# incomplete frame
return false
def send(self, s):
if self.readystate == "open":
self.send_bytes("\x00")
self.send_bytes(s.encode("UTF8"))
self.send_bytes("\xFF")
def send_bytes(self, bytes):
asyncore.dispatcher_with_send.send(self, bytes)
class EchoHandler(object):
"""
The EchoHandler repeats each incoming string to the same Web Socket.
"""
def __init__(self, conn):
self.conn = conn
def dispatch(self, data):
self.conn.send("echo: " + data)
class WebSocketServer(asyncore.dispatcher):
def __init__(self, port=80, handlers=None):
asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
self.handlers = handlers
self.sessions = []
self.port = port
self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.set_reuse_addr()
self.bind(("", port))
self.listen(5)
def handle_accept(self):
conn, addr = self.accept()
session = WebSocketConnection(conn, self)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print "Starting WebSocket Server"
WebSocketServer(port=8080, handlers={"/echo": EchoHandler})
asyncore.loop()
本例完整代码的下载地址: 下载