Effective STL 41 Understand the reasons for ptr_fun, mem_fun, and mem_fun_ref

void test(Widget& w);

vector<Widget>vw;
for_each(vw.begin(), vw.end(), test);

I. mem_fun_ref

class Widget {
public:
    ...
    void test();
    ...
};
vector<Widget>vw;
for_each(vw.begin(), vw.end(), mem_fun_ref(&Widget::test));

II. mem_fun

// source code
template<typename R, typename C>
class mem_fun_t:public unary_funciton<C*, R>
{
    R (C::*pmf)();
public:
    explicit mem_fun_t(R (C::*p)()) : pmf(p) {}
    R operator() (C* p)const {
        return (p->*pmf)();
    }
};

template<typename R, typename C>
mem_fun_t<R, C>
mem_fun(R(C::*pmf)()) {
    return mem_fun_t<R, C>(pmf);
}

class Widget {
public:
    ...
    void test();
    ...
};
list<Widget*>lpw;
for_each(lpw.begin(), lpw.end(), mem_fun(&Widget::test));