.NET Core开发日志——Middleware

熟悉ASP.NET架构的开发者一定对于HTTP Modules与HTTP Handlers不陌生。两者的作用主要是对网络请求执行特定的处理工作。而在.NET Core中,它们都被Middleware(中件间)取代了。

之前的Http Modules和HTTP Handlers是如下图般处理请求的:

640?wx_fmt=png

现在变成了这样:

640?wx_fmt=png

一言概括之,Middleware完成了HTTP Modules与HTTP Handlers的原有工作,但又不是简单的化二为一的减法作用。

Middleware减去的其实是与原来ASP.NET中重要的基础——应用程序生命周期事件(application life cycle event)的绑定。

HTTP Modules在初始化时就需要针对HttpApplication的事件作绑定处理,这样当HttpApplication的各项事件被触发时,已绑定的相应处理程序才会按照预期的那样被执行。

public class HelloWorldModule : IHttpModule{    public HelloWorldModule()    {
    }    public String ModuleName
    {        get { return "HelloWorldModule"; }
    }    // In the Init function, register for HttpApplication 
    // events by adding your handlers.
    public void Init(HttpApplication application)    {
        application.BeginRequest += 
            (new EventHandler(this.Application_BeginRequest));
        application.EndRequest += 
            (new EventHandler(this.Application_EndRequest));
    }    private void Application_BeginRequest(Object source, 
         EventArgs e)    {    // Create HttpApplication and HttpContext objects to access
    // request and response properties.
        HttpApplication application = (HttpApplication)source;
        HttpContext context = application.Context;
        context.Response.Write("<h1><font color=red>
            HelloWorldModule: Beginning of Request
            </font></h1><hr>");
    }    private void Application_EndRequest(Object source, EventArgs e)    {
        HttpApplication application = (HttpApplication)source;
        HttpContext context = application.Context;
        context.Response.Write("<hr><h1><font color=red>
            HelloWorldModule: End of Request</font></h1>");
    }    public void Dispose()    {
    }
}

然后你还需要在web.config配置文件注册这个HTTP Module。

<configuration>
    <system.web>
        <httpModules>
           <add name="HelloWorldModule" type="HelloWorldModule"/>
        </httpModules>
    </system.web></configuration>

如果是用Middleware的话,事情就变得很简单了。抛弃IHttpModule接口及HttpModule实现类,不用再关心HttpApplication的任何事件,还有烦人的web.config配置。直接在代码中以最简洁的方式完成工作。

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env){
    app.Use(async(context, next) =>{    
       await context.Response.WriteAsync("Beginning of Request\n");  
           await next.Invoke();      
           await context.Response.WriteAsync("End of Request\n");    });    app.Run(async (context) =>    {        await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World!\n");    }); }

640?wx_fmt=png

相似的,对于HTTP Handlers,虽然不用取消对HttpApplication事件的依赖,但以两者的代码实现方式作比较,Middleware亳无疑问胜出一筹。

public class HelloWorldHandler : IHttpHandler{  
 public HelloWorldHandler()    {    }    
 
 public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)    {        HttpRequest Request = context.Request;        HttpResponse Response = context.Response;        // This handler is called whenever a file ending        // in .sample is requested. A file with that extension        // does not need to exist.        Response.Write("<html>");        Response.Write("<body>");        Response.Write("<h1>Hello from a synchronous custom HTTP handler.</h1>");        Response.Write("</body>");        Response.Write("</html>");    }  
 
   public bool IsReusable    {        // To enable pooling, return true here.        // This keeps the handler in memory.        get { return false; }    } }

仍需要在web.config文件中注册HTTP handler。

<configuration>
    <system.web>
        <httpHandlers>
            <add verb="*" path="*.sample" 
                  type="HelloWorldHandler"/>
        </httpHandlers>
    </system.web></configuration>

换作Middleware的写法:

private static void HandleSample(IApplicationBuilder app){
    app.Run(async context =>
    {        await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello Sample");
    });
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env){    app.MapWhen(context => context.Request.Path.Value.EndsWith("sample"), HandleSample); }

640?wx_fmt=png

总结下使用Middleware的优点:

  • 没有对HttpApplication的依赖

  • 没有对IHttpModule与IHttpHandler接口的依赖

  • 无需在web.config文件中添加各种配置

  • 代码简洁

最后需要补充Middleware与HTTP Modules的一点差异。各Middleware中处理请求与响应的顺序是刚好相反的,越早处理请求的Middleware越晚处理响应。而HTTP Modules中处理请求与响应的顺序则保持一致,因为每个HTTP Module请求与响应事件的绑定都是在同一阶段完成的。


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