来自 菜鸟教程
1. SQL 语句
- 一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符(字段)、常量和特殊符号等;
SELECT id, name FROM runoob
- 其中:
- SELECT:关键字(命令);
- id, name:标识符/字段(id 和 name 字段);
- FROM:关键字(语句,用于设置条件规则等);
- runoob:标识符(表名);
2. PostgreSQL 命令
2.1 ABORT 命令
- ABORT 用于退出当前事务;
ABORT [WORK | TRANSACTION]
2.2 ALTER AGGREGATE
- 修改一个聚集函数的定义
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
2.3 ALTER COLLATION
- 修改一个排序规则定义:
ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
2.4 ALTER CONVERSION
- 修改一个编码转换的定义
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner
2.5 ALTER DATABASE
- 修改一个数据库
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT}
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner
2.6 ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
- 定义默认的访问权限
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
[ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
[ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
abbreviated_grant_or_revoke
where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLES
TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...
2.7 ALTER DOMAIN
- 修改一个域的定义
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT}
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner
2.8 ALTER FUNCTION
- 修改一个函数的定义
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ) OWNER TO new_owner
2.9 ALTER GROUP
- 修改一个用户组
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name
2.10 ALTER INDEX
- 修改一个索引的定义
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name
2.11 ALTER LANGUAGE
- 修改一个过程语言的定义
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name
2.12 ALTER OPERATOR
- 改变一个操作符的定义
ALTER OPERATOR name ({lefttype| NONE}, {righttype | NONE})
OWNER TO new_owner
2.13 ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
- 修改一个操作符表的定义
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner
2.14 ALTER SCHEMA
- 修改一个模式的定义
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner
2.15 ALTER SEQUENCE
- 修改一个序列生成器的定义
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
2.16 ALTER TABLE
- 修改表的定义
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name
- 其中,
action
:
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
2.17 ALTER TABLESPACE
- 修改一个表空间的定义
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner
2.18 ALTER TRIGGER
- 修改一个触发器的定义
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name
2.19 ALTER TYPE
- 修改一个类型的定义
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner
2.20 ALTER USER
- 修改数据库的用户账号
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter
- options 可以为:
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'
2.21 ANALYZE
- 收集与数据库有关的统计;
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
2.22 BEGIN
- 开始一个事务块
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
- transaction_mode 可为:
ISOLATION LEVEL {
SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
2.23 CHECKPOINT
- 强制一个事务日志检查点
CHECKPOINT
2.24 CLOSE
- 关闭游标
CLOSE name
2.25 CLUSTER
- 根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER
2.26 COMMENT
- 定义或者改变一个对象的注释
COMMENT ON {
TABLE object_name |
COLUMN table_name.column_name |
AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
CONVERSION object_name |
DATABASE object_name |
DOMAIN object_name |
FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
INDEX object_name |
LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
[ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
RULE rule_name ON table_name |
SCHEMA object_name |
SEQUENCE object_name |
TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
TYPE object_name |
VIEW object_name
}
IS 'text'
2.27 COMMIT
- 提交当前事务
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
2.28 COPY
- 在表和文件之间拷贝数据
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]
2.29 CREATE AGGREGATE
- 定义一个新的聚集函数
CREATE AGGREGATE name (
BASETYPE = input_data_type,
SFUNC = sfunc,
STYPE = state_data_type
[, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
[, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)
2.30 CREATE CAST
- 定义一个用户定义的转换
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
2.31 CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
- 定义一个新的约束触发器
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )
2.32 CREATE CONVERSION
- 定义一个新的编码转换
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name
2.33 CREATE DATABASE
- 创建新数据库
CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
[ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
[ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ]
]
2.34 CREATE DOMAIN
- 定义一个新域
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]
- constraint 可为:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }
2.35 CREATE FUNCTION
- 定义一个新函数
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
| AS 'definition'
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
2.36 CREATE GROUP
- 定义一个新的用户组
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]
2.37 CREATE INDEX
- 定义一个新索引
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]
2.38 CREATE LANGUAGE
- 定义一个新的过程语言
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]
2.39 CREATE OPERATOR
- 定义一个新的操作符
CREATE OPERATOR name (
PROCEDURE = func_name
[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
[, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)
2.40 CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
- 定义一个新的操作符表
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
| STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]
2.41 CREATE ROLE
- 定义一个新的数据库角色
CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]
where `_option_` can be:
SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...
2.42 CREATE RULE
- 定义一个新重写规则
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }
2.43 CREATE SCHEMA
- 定义一个新模式
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]
2.44 CREATE SERVER
- 定义一个新的外部服务器
CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
[ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]
2.45 CREATE SEQUENCE
- 定义一个新序列发生器
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
2.46 CREATE TABLE
- 定义一个新表
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] {
TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( {
column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ]
} [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
- column_constraint 可为:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] {
NOT NULL |
NULL |
UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK (expression) |
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ]
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
- table_constraint 可为:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
2.47 CREATE TABLE AS
- 从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query
2.48 CREATE TABLESPACE
- 定义一个新的表空间
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'
2.49 CREATE TRIGGER
- 定义一个新的触发器
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )
2.50 CREATE TYPE
- 定义一个新的数据类型
CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)
2.51 CREATE USER
- 创建一个新的数据库用户帐户
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
- option 可为:
SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'
2.52 CREATE VIEW
- 定义一个视图:
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query
2.53 DEALLOCATE
- 删除一个准备好的查询
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name
2.54 DECLARE
- 定义一个游标
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]
2.55 DELETE
- 删除一个表中的行
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]
2.56 DROP AGGREGATE
- 删除一个用户定义的聚集函数
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.57 DROP CAST
- 删除一个用户定义的数据类型
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.58 DROP CONVERSION
- 删除一个用户定义的编码转换
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.59 DROP DATABASE
- 删除一个数据库
DROP DATABASE name
2.60 DROP DOMAIN
- 删除一个用户定义的域
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.61 DROP FUNCTION
- 删除一个函数
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.62 DROP GROUP
- 删除一个用户组
DROP GROUP name
2.63 DROP INDEX
- 删除一个索引
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.64 DROP LANGUAGE
- 删除一个过程语言
DROP [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
2.65 DROP OPERATOR
- 删除一个操作符
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.66 DROP OPERATOR CLASS
- 删除一个操作符表
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.67 DROP ROLE
- 删除一个数据库角色
DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]
2.68 DROP RULE
- 删除一个重写规则
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.69 DROP SCHEMA
- 删除一个模式
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.70 DROP SEQUENCE
- 删除一个序列
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.71 DROP TABLE
- 删除一个表
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.72 DROP TABLESPACE
- 删除一个表空间
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
2.73 DROP TRIGGER
- 删除一个触发器定义
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.74 DROP TYPE
- 删除一个用户定义的数据类型
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.75 DROP USER
- 删除一个数据库用户账户
DROP USER name
2.76 DROP VIEW
- 删除一个视图
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.77 END
- 提交当前的事务
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
2.78 EXECUTE
- 执行一个准备好的查询
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]
2.79 EXPLAIN
- 显示一个语句的执行规划
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement
2.80 FETCH
- 用游标从查询中抓取行
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
- direction 可为:
NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL
2.81 GRANT
- 定义访问权限
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
2.82 INSERT
- 在表中创建新行,即插入数据
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }
2.83 LISTEN
- 监听一个通知
LISTEN name
2.84 LOAD
- 加载或重载一个共享库文件
LOAD 'filename'
2.85 LOCK
- 锁定一个表
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
- lock_mode 可为:
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
2.86 MOVE
- 定位一个游标
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
2.87 NOTIFY
- 生成一个通知
NOTIFY name
2.88 PREPARE
- 创建一个准备好的查询
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement
2.89 REINDEX
- 重建索引
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]
2.90 RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- 删除一个前面定义的保存点:
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
2.91 RESET
- 把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值
RESET name
RESET ALL
2.92 REVOKE
- 删除访问权限
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
2.93 ROLLBACK
- 退出当前事务
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
2.94 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
- 回滚到一个保存点
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
2.95 SAVEPOINT
- 在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name
2.96 SELECT
- 从表或视图中取出若干行
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
- from_item 可为:
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]
2.97 SELECT INTO
- 从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
2.98 SET
- 修改运行时参数
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
2.99 SET CONSTRAINTS
- 设置当前事务的约束检查模式
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }
2.100 SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
- 为当前会话设置用户标识符和当前用户标识符
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
2.101 SET TRANSACTION
- 开始一个事务块
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
- transaction_mode 可为:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
2.102 SHOW
- 显示运行时参数的值
SHOW name
SHOW ALL
2.103 START TRANSACTION
- 开始一个事务块
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
- transaction_mode 可为:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
2.104 TRUNCATE
- 清空一个或一组表
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name
2.105 UNLISTEN
- 停止监听通知信息:
UNLISTEN { name | * }
2.106 UPDATE
- 更新一个表中的行
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]
2.107 VACUUM
- 垃圾收集以及可选的分析一个数据库
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
2.108 VALUES
- 计算一个或一组行
VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
[ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]