3.1 线程概述
3.2 创建线程
/*
一般情况下,main函数所在的线程我们称之为主线程(mian线程)
其余创建的线程成为子线程
程序中默认只有一个进程,fork()函数调用,有2个进程
程序中默认只有一个线程,pthread_create()函数调用,有两个线程,一个主线程,一个子线程。
man 3 pthread_create
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr,
void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);
作用:创建一个子线程
参数:
- thread:传出参数,创建成功后子进程的线程ID写入thread中
- attr:需要设置线程的属性,一般使用默认值,NULL
- start_routine:函数指针,子线程需要处理的逻辑代码
- arg:给第三个参数使用,传参
返回值:
成功返回0
失败返回错误号。这个错误号和之前errno不太一样
获取错误号信息:char *strerror(int errnum);
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *callball(void *arg){
printf("child thread...\n");
printf("arg value = %d\n", *(int *)arg);
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int num = 10;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, callball, (void *)&num);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error: %s\n", errstr);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
sleep(1);
return 0;
}
3.3 终止线程
/*
man 3 pthread_exit
#include <pthread.h>
void pthread_exit(void *retval);
作用:终止一个线程,在哪一个线程中调用,就终止那个线程
参数:
- retval:需要传递一个指针,作为一个返回值,可以在pthread_join()中获得
pthread_t pthread_self(void);
作用:获取当前线程的线程ID
int pthread_equal(pthread_t t1, pthread_t t2);
作用:判断两个线程号是否相等
不同的操作系统,pthread_t类型的实现不一样,有的是无符号长整型,有的使用结构体实现
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
void *callback(void *arg){
printf("child thread id = %ld\n", pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, callback, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char * errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error : %s\n", errstr);
}
//主线程
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
printf("tid = %ld, main thread id = %ld\n", tid, pthread_self());
//让主线程退出,当主线程退出时,不会影响其他正常运行的线程
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.4 连接已经终止的线程
/*
man 3 pthread_join
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **retval);
作用:和一个已经终止的线程进行连接
回收子进程的资源
这个函数是阻塞函数,调用一次只能回收一个子线程
一般在主线程中使用
参数:
- thread:需要回收子线程的ID
- retval:接受子线程退出时的返回值
返回值:
成功0,失败非0,返回错误号
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *callback(void *arg){
printf("child thread id = %ld\n", pthread_self());
// sleep(3);
// return NULL;
static int value = 10;
pthread_exit((void *)&value); //return (void *)&value;
}
int main(){
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, callback, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char * errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error : %s\n", errstr);
}
//主线程
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
printf("tid = %ld, main thread id = %ld\n", tid, pthread_self());
// 主线程调用pthread_join()回收子线程的资源
int *thread_retval;
ret = pthread_join(tid, (void **)&thread_retval);
if(ret != 0){
char * errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error = %s\n", errstr);
}
printf("exit data = %d\n", *thread_retval);
printf("回收子线程资源成功\n");
//让主线程退出,当主线程退出时,不会影响其他正常运行的线程
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.5 线程的分离
/*
man 3 pthread_detach
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_detach(pthread_t thread);
作用:分离一个线程。被分离的线程在终止的时候,会自动释放资源给系统。
不能分离一个已经分离的线程。
不能去join一个已经分离的线程。
参数:
- thread:需要分离的线程id
返回值:
成功0,失败错误号
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
void *callback(void *arg){
printf("child thread id = %ld\n", pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, callback, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error1 = %s\n", errstr);
}
//输出主线程和子线程的id
printf("tid = %ld, mian thread id = %ld\n", tid, pthread_self());
//设置子线程分离
ret = pthread_detach(tid);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error2 = %s\n", errstr);
}
//子线程分离后尝试连接
ret = pthread_join(tid, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error3 = %s\n", errstr);
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.6 线程取消
/*
man 3 pthread_cancel
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);
作用:取消线程(让线程终止)
取消某个线程,可以终止某个线程的运行,但不是立马终止,而是当子线程执行到一个取消点,线程才会终止
取消点:系统规定好的一些系统调用,我们可以粗略的理解为从用户区到内核区的切换,这个位置就是取消点
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *callback(void *arg){
printf("child thread id = %ld\n", pthread_self());
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
printf("child = %d\n", i);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, callback, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error1 = %s\n", errstr);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
//取消线程
pthread_cancel(tid);
//输出主线程和子线程的id
printf("tid = %ld, mian thread id = %ld\n", tid, pthread_self());
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.7 线程属性
/*
int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *attr);
- 初始化线程属性变量
int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t *attr);
- 释放线程属性的资源
int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *detachstate);
- 获取线程分离的状态属性
int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *attr, int detachstate);
- 设置线程分离的状态属性
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
void *callback(void *arg){
printf("child thread id = %ld\n", pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建一个线程属性变量
pthread_attr_t attr;
//初始化属性变量
pthread_attr_init(&attr);
//设置属性 ,创建线程分离
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
//获取线程栈的大小
size_t size;
pthread_attr_getstacksize(&attr, &size);
printf("thread stack size = %ld\n", size);
//创建一个子线程
pthread_t tid;
int ret = pthread_create(&tid, &attr, callback, NULL);
if(ret != 0){
char *errstr = strerror(ret);
printf("error1 = %s\n", errstr);
}
//输出主线程和子线程的id
printf("tid = %ld, mian thread id = %ld\n", tid, pthread_self());
//释放线程属性资源
pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.8 线程同步
/*
使用多线程实现卖票案例
有三个窗口,一共是100张票
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//全局变量,所有的线程都共享这一份资源
int tickets = 1;
void *sellticket(void *arg){
//卖票
//static int tickets = 1;
while(tickets <= 10){
usleep(3000);
printf("%ld 正在卖 %d 张票\n", pthread_self(), tickets);
tickets++;
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建三个子线程
pthread_t tid1, tid2, tid3;
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid3, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
//回收子线程的资源
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
pthread_join(tid3, NULL);
//设置线程分离
// pthread_detach(tid1);
// pthread_detach(tid2);
// pthread_detach(tid3);
//退出主线程
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.9 互斥锁
/*
互斥量的类型 pthread_mutex_t
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr);
作用:初始化互斥量
参数:
- mutex:需要初始化的互斥量变量
- attr:互斥量相关的属性,NULL
- restrict:C语言的修饰符,被他修饰的指针,不能由另外的一个指针进行操作。
pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex = xxx;
pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex1 = mutex; 这是错误的
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
作用:释放互斥量的资源
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
作用:加锁,阻塞的,如果有一个线程加锁了,其他线程只能阻塞等待
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
作用:尝试加锁,如果加锁失败,不会阻塞,直接返回
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
作用:解锁
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//全局变量,所有的线程都共享这一份资源
int tickets = 1000;
//创建一个互斥量
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *sellticket(void *arg){
//卖票
while(1){
//加锁
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
if(tickets > 0){
usleep(6000);
printf("%ld 正在卖 %d 张票\n", pthread_self(), tickets);
tickets--;
}
else{
//解锁
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
break;
}
//解锁
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//初始化互斥量
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
//创建三个子线程
pthread_t tid1, tid2, tid3;
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid3, NULL, sellticket, NULL);
//回收子线程的资源
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
pthread_join(tid3, NULL);
//退出主线程
pthread_exit(NULL);
//释放互斥量资源
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
3.10 死锁
3.11 读写锁
/*
读写锁的类型 pthread_rwlock_t
int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr);
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
*/
/*
案例:8个线程操作同一个全局变量。
三个线程不定时的写这个全局变量,五个线程读这个全局变量
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//创建全局数据变量
int num = 1;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;
void *writeNum(void *arg){
while(1){
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
num++;
printf("++write, tid = %ld , num = %d\n", pthread_self(), num);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
return NULL;
}
void *readNum(void *arg){
while(1){
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
printf("read, tid = %ld, num = %d\n", pthread_self(), num);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
usleep(100);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
//创建三个写线程,五个读线程
pthread_t wtids[3], rtids[5];
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i){
pthread_create(&wtids[i], NULL, writeNum, NULL);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_create(&rtids[i], NULL, readNum, NULL);
}
//设置线程分离
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i){
pthread_detach(wtids[i]);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_detach(rtids[i]);
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock);
return 0;
}
3.12 生产者消费者模型
/*
生产者消费者模型(粗略的版本)
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Node{
int num;
struct Node *next;
};
//头结点
struct Node *head = NULL;
void *producer(void *arg){
//不断的创建新的结点,添加到链表中
while(1){
struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
newNode->num = rand() % 1000;
printf("add node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", newNode->num, pthread_self());
usleep(100);
}
return NULL;
}
void *customer(void *arg){
while(1){
struct Node *temp = head;
head = head->next;
printf("del node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", temp->num, pthread_self());
free(temp);
usleep(100);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
//创建五个生产者线程,五个消费者线程
pthread_t ptids[5], ctids[5];
for(int i =0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_create(&ptids[i], NULL, producer, NULL);
pthread_create(&ctids[i], NULL, customer, NULL);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_detach(ptids[i]);
pthread_detach(ctids[i]);
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.13 条件变量
/*
条件变量的类型 pthread_cond_t
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr);
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex);
等待,阻塞函数,调用了该函数线程会阻塞。
int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const struct timespec *restrict abstime);
等待多长时间,调用了该函数,线程会阻塞,直到指定的时间结束。
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
唤醒一个或多个等待的线程
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);
唤醒所有的等待的线程
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
//创建一个互斥量
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
//创建条件变量
pthread_cond_t cond;
struct Node{
int num;
struct Node *next;
};
//头结点
struct Node *head = NULL;
void *producer(void *arg){
//不断的创建新的结点,添加到链表中
while(1){
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
newNode->num = rand() % 1000;
printf("add node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", newNode->num, pthread_self());
//只要生产一个就通知消费者消费
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
usleep(100);
}
return NULL;
}
void *customer(void *arg){
while(1){
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
struct Node *temp = head;
if(head != NULL){
head = head->next;
printf("del node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", temp->num, pthread_self());
free(temp);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
usleep(100);
}
else{
//没有数据需要等待
//当这个函数调用阻塞的时候,会对互斥锁进行解锁。当不阻塞的时候,继续向下执行,会重新加锁。
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
//创建五个生产者线程,五个消费者线程
pthread_t ptids[5], ctids[5];
for(int i =0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_create(&ptids[i], NULL, producer, NULL);
pthread_create(&ctids[i], NULL, customer, NULL);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_detach(ptids[i]);
pthread_detach(ctids[i]);
}
while(1){
sleep(10);
}
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}
3.14 信号量
/*
#include <semaphore.h>
信号量的类型 sem_t
int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
初始化信号量
参数:
- sem:信号量变量的地址
- pshared:0用在线程,非0用在进程
- value:信号量中的值
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
释放资源
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
value--,如果值为0,阻塞
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem);
int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem, const struct timespec *abs_timeout);
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
value++,如果value小于0,唤醒一个进程(线程)
int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval);
sem_t psem;
sem_t csem;
init(psem, 0, 8);
init(csem, 0, 0);
producer() {
sem_wait(&psem);
sem_post(&csem)
}
customer() {
sem_wait(&csem);
sem_post(&psem)
}
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
//创建一个互斥量
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
//创建两个信号量
sem_t psem, csem;
struct Node{
int num;
struct Node *next;
};
//头结点
struct Node *head = NULL;
void *producer(void *arg){
//不断的创建新的结点,添加到链表中
while(1){
sem_wait(&psem);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
newNode->num = rand() % 1000;
printf("add node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", newNode->num, pthread_self());
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sem_post(&csem);
}
return NULL;
}
void *customer(void *arg){
while(1){
sem_wait(&csem);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
struct Node *temp = head;
head = head->next;
printf("del node, num = %d, tid = %ld\n", temp->num, pthread_self());
free(temp);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sem_post(&psem);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(){
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
sem_init(&psem, 0, 8);
sem_init(&csem, 0, 0);
//创建五个生产者线程,五个消费者线程
pthread_t ptids[5], ctids[5];
for(int i =0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_create(&ptids[i], NULL, producer, NULL);
pthread_create(&ctids[i], NULL, customer, NULL);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){
pthread_detach(ptids[i]);
pthread_detach(ctids[i]);
}
while(1){
sleep(10);
}
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_exit(NULL);
return 0;
}