PyQt5中嵌入matplotlib

matplotlib官网有一个例子

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
import sys
import os
import random
import matplotlib
# Make sure that we are using QT5
matplotlib.use('Qt5Agg')
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets

from numpy import arange, sin, pi
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg as FigureCanvas
from matplotlib.figure import Figure

progname = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
progversion = "0.1"


class MyMplCanvas(FigureCanvas):
    """ 继承FigureCanvasQTAgg的基类，是一个canvas控件。"""

    def __init__(self, parent=None, width=5, height=4, dpi=100):
        fig = Figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=dpi)
        self.axes = fig.add_subplot(111)    # 1行1列索引1

        self.compute_initial_figure()   # 画图函数

        FigureCanvas.__init__(self, fig)    # 调用父类的初始化函数
        self.setParent(parent)  # 设置上层控件

        FigureCanvas.setSizePolicy(self,
                                   QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding,
                                   QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
        FigureCanvas.updateGeometry(self)   # 刷新布局

    def compute_initial_figure(self):
        """ 画图操作函数 """
        pass


class MyStaticMplCanvas(MyMplCanvas):
    """Simple canvas with a sine plot."""

    def compute_initial_figure(self):
        t = arange(0.0, 3.0, 0.01)
        s = sin(2*pi*t)
        self.axes.plot(t, s)


class MyDynamicMplCanvas(MyMplCanvas):
    """A canvas that updates itself every second with a new plot."""

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        MyMplCanvas.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        timer = QtCore.QTimer(self)
        timer.timeout.connect(self.update_figure)
        timer.start(1000)

    def compute_initial_figure(self):
        self.axes.plot([0, 1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 0, 4], 'r')

    def update_figure(self):
        # Build a list of 4 random integers between 0 and 10 (both inclusive)
        l = [random.randint(0, 10) for i in range(4)]
        self.axes.cla()     # 清空子图
        self.axes.plot([0, 1, 2, 3], l, 'r')    # 设置折线点
        self.draw()     # 重新画图


class ApplicationWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        QtWidgets.QMainWindow.__init__(self)
        self.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose)
        self.setWindowTitle("application main window")

        self.file_menu = QtWidgets.QMenu('&File', self)
        self.file_menu.addAction('&Quit', self.fileQuit, QtCore.Qt.CTRL + QtCore.Qt.Key_Q)
        self.menuBar().addMenu(self.file_menu)

        self.help_menu = QtWidgets.QMenu('&Help', self)
        self.menuBar().addSeparator()
        self.menuBar().addMenu(self.help_menu)

        self.help_menu.addAction('&About', self.about)

        self.main_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self)

        l = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout(self.main_widget)
        sc = MyStaticMplCanvas(self.main_widget, width=5, height=4, dpi=100)
        dc = MyDynamicMplCanvas(self.main_widget, width=5, height=4, dpi=100)
        l.addWidget(sc)
        l.addWidget(dc)

        self.main_widget.setFocus()
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_widget)

        self.statusBar().showMessage("All hail matplotlib!", 2000)

    def fileQuit(self):
        self.close()

    def closeEvent(self, ce):
        self.fileQuit()

    def about(self):
        QtWidgets.QMessageBox.about(self, "About",
                                    """embedding_in_qt5.py example
Copyright 2005 Florent Rougon, 2006 Darren Dale, 2015 Jens H Nielsen

This program is a simple example of a Qt5 application embedding matplotlib
canvases.

It may be used and modified with no restriction; raw copies as well as
modified versions may be distributed without limitation.

This is modified from the embedding in qt4 example to show the difference
between qt4 and qt5"""
                                )


qApp = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
aw = ApplicationWindow()
aw.setWindowTitle("%s" % progname)
aw.show()
sys.exit(qApp.exec_())

FigureCanvasQTAgg是实现matplotlib嵌入到PyQt5的关键类，用于实现绘图操作。创建一个继承FigureCanvasQTAgg的自定义类，并在__init__()方法中调用绘图操作。axes属性用于实现画图操作。

自定义类实际上就是一个canvas，可以当作一般的控件widget，放到布局Layout中。

l = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout(self.main_widget)
sc = MyStaticMplCanvas(self.main_widget, width=5, height=4, dpi=100)
dc = MyDynamicMplCanvas(self.main_widget, width=5, height=4, dpi=100)
l.addWidget(sc)
l.addWidget(dc)

上面例子中，class MyMplCanvas(FigureCanvas): 是基类，定义了画图类的初始化流程和实现画图的接口

def compute_initial_figure(self):
    """ 画图操作函数 """
    pass

后面定义了两个画图类，实现具体的画图。

第一个是画静态图：

def compute_initial_figure(self):
    t = arange(0.0, 3.0, 0.01)
    s = sin(2*pi*t)
    self.axes.plot(t, s)

第二个是画动态图，每一秒钟清空子图，重新计算曲线参数，再画图：

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    MyMplCanvas.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
    timer = QtCore.QTimer(self)
    timer.timeout.connect(self.update_figure)
    timer.start(1000)

def compute_initial_figure(self):
    self.axes.plot([0, 1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 0, 4], 'r')

def update_figure(self):
    # Build a list of 4 random integers between 0 and 10 (both inclusive)
    l = [random.randint(0, 10) for i in range(4)]
    self.axes.cla()     # 清空子图
    self.axes.plot([0, 1, 2, 3], l, 'r')    # 设置折线点
    self.draw()     # 重新画图