一．Nocatalog
Nocatalog方式 就是用control file作为catalog，每一次备份都要往控制文件里面写好多备份信息，控制文件里面会有越来越多的备份信息。因此，当使用rman nocatalog方式备份时，备份controlfile是非常重要的。
由于nocatalog时利用controlfile存放备份信息，建议将Oracle参数文件中的CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME值加大（缺省为7天）, 参数在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initSID.ora中，该参数control_file__record_keep_time设置备份信息保存时间，到规定时间就自动清除以前的备份信息。
SQL> show parameter control
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 7
control_files string /data/incadg/control01.ctl, /d
ata/incadg/control02.ctl
control_management_pack_access string DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
SQL> 二．Catalog
Catalog 则必须要首先要创建目录备份数据库，建立恢复目录。示例如下：
1.创建Catalog所需要的表空间
SQL>create tablespace rman_ts datafile '/data/rmants.dbf' size 2048M;
2.创建RMAN用户并授权
SQL>create user rman identified by rman default tablespace rman_ts quota unlimited on rman_ts;
SQL>grant recovery_catalog_owner to rman;(grant connect to rman)
查看角色所拥有的权限: select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER';
(RECOVER_CATALOG_OWNER,CONNECT,RESOURCE)
3.创建恢复目录
oracle>rman catalog rman/rman
RMAN>create catalog tablespace rman_ts;
RMAN>register database;(database是target database)
database registered in recovery catalog
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN> connect target /;
以后要使用备份和恢复，需要连接到两个数据库中,命令:
oracle>rman target / catalog rman/rman (第一斜杠表示target数据库，catalog表示catalog目录 rman/rman表示catalog用户名和密码)
命令执行后显示：
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Thu Sep 27 13:36:44 2018
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1337382238)
connected to recovery catalog database
命令解释:
Report schema Report shema是指在数据库中需找schema
List backup 从control读取信息
Crosscheck backup 看一下backup的文件，检查controlfile中的目录或文件是否真正在磁盘上
Delete backupset 9 9代表backupset 的编号, 既delete目录，也delete你的文件
注意，当使用rman nocatalog恢复时，数据库必须是处于“mount”状态的。而Oracle startup mount的前提条件是control必须存在。因此，你必须在恢复datafile之前先恢复controlfile。 使用rman catalog方式时，可以startup nomount然后restore controlfile；但使用rman nocatalog时，必须先用文件方式恢复controlfile。
下面对比一下rman nocatalog和rman catalog的恢复时的步骤，以便建立正确的备份策略（以下的恢复都是在online状态下的备份）：
rman nocatalog恢复：
1) 建立oracle运行环境（包括init或sp文件）
2) 文件方式恢复controlfile到init文件指定的位置
3) startup mount
4) rman，恢复datafile
5) alter database open resetlogs
rman catalog恢复：
1) 建立oracle运行环境（包括init或sp文件）
2) rman ，restore controfile
3) alter database mount
4) rman, restore datafile
5) alter database open resetlogs
可以看出，rman nocatalog备份时，必须用文件方式备份controlfile。
三.catalog命令使用
在9i时代，如果在控制文件或者catalog数据库中的备份信息被覆盖或者清除，那么即使所有的备份文件都在，rman也无法简单的利用这些文件来做恢复了，必须得用些特别的方法才能办到，比如以前很多牛人写的使用dbms_backup_restore包从备份片中释放出数据文件，然后再使用手工方式做恢复。但是实际上，oracle完全可以将恢复时需要的一些信息保存在备份文件的文件头中，如果控制文件或者catalog数据库中的信息丢失，再扫描一遍文件头，取出这些信息就可以了。10g中就是这么实现的，扫描这些文件头的工作就是由这个新的catalog命令来实现的。注意这是10g rman的一个命令，虽然和以前的catalog database的名字长得一样，可不是同一个东西。catalog命令可以用来扫描备份片，文件拷贝(datafile or controlfile copy)，也可以用来扫描归档日志，所以，只要你的备份还在，归档还在，即使catalog database崩溃，控制文件重建，照样可以用这些备份来做恢复。Oracle11g丰富了catalog命令，使用这个命令，可以将RMAN的备份集注册到控制文件（或者目录数据库中）
类似的一系列命令有：
#扫描归档日志
CATALOG ARCHIVELOG '/data/arch/1_1174_968856606.arc', '/data/arch/1_1175_968856606.arc', '/data/arch/1_1176_968856606.arc';
#扫描数据文件拷贝，并且将其做为增量备份的level 0
CATALOG DATAFILECOPY '/data/rman/INCA_4_1_20180925.bak' LEVEL 0;
#扫描整个目录，如果备份片或者归档日志文件太多，可以放到一个目录中，一次性扫描就行
CATALOG START WITH '/data/rman/';
#扫描闪回恢复区
CATALOG RECOVERY AREA NOPROMPT;
#扫描备份片
CATALOG BACKUPPIECE '/data/rman/INCA_13_1_20180925.bcp';
#扫描控制文件拷贝
CATALOG CONTROLFILECOPY 'controlfilecopy.ctl'; 这里需要注意将备份的log和备份文件一起保存下来，不然就不知道哪些文件属于哪个备份集，恢复的时候就要多浪费些时间啦。 但是注意这些命令是有限制的，其中的一个限制是不能注册备份文件到不同的数据库：
You cannot use CATALOG to catalog a file that belongs to a different database.
也就是说你至少还需要原数据库的控制文件。
否则就会出现类似如下的错误：
[oracle@standby ~]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Thu Sep 27 13:36:44 2018
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> set dbid=1337382238
executing command: SET DBID
RMAN> startup mount;
Oracle instance started
database mounted
Total System Global Area 285212672 bytes
Fixed Size 1218992 bytes
Variable Size 92276304 bytes
Database Buffers 188743680 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of startup command at 09/27/2018 13:36:48
RMAN-06189: current DBID 1337382238 does not match target mounted database (101694595)
是否没有办法呢？当然是有的，我们可以先修改一个恢复数据库的DBID，然后再来注册这个备份集。
修改DBID可以使用之前我曾经写过的，Oracle10g 的 dbms_backup_restore 包。
修改之后就可以用来注册了，看看我注册一个种子数据库备份集的过程：
[oracle@cerp01 rman]$ rman target /
恢复管理器: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期三 9月 27 22:25:34 2018
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
已连接到目标数据库 (未启动)
RMAN> startup mount;
Oracle 实例已启动
数据库已装载
系统全局区域总计 251658240 字节
Fixed Size 1289988 字节
Variable Size 171966716 字节
Database Buffers 75497472 字节
Redo Buffers 2904064 字节
RMAN> catalog start with '/data/rman';
使用目标数据库控制文件替代恢复目录
搜索与样式 /data/rman 匹配的所有文件
数据库未知文件的列表
=====================================
文件名: /data/rman/INCA_4_1_20180925.bak
文件名: /data/rman/INCA_4_2_20180925.bak
是否确实要将上述文件列入目录 (输入 YES 或 NO)? YES
正在编制文件目录...
目录编制完毕
已列入目录的文件的列表
=======================
文件名: /data/rman/INCA_4_1_20180925.bak
未列入目录的文件的列表
=======================================
文件名: /data/rman/INCA_4_2_20180925.bak
RMAN-07518: 原因: 外部数据库文件 DBID: 1052376487 数据库名: orcl
RMAN> list backup
2> ;
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Size
------- ----------
1 571.92M
List of Archived Logs in backup set 1
Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time
---- ------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
1 1171 10351463167409 23-SEP-18 10351463394057 25-SEP-18
1 1172 10351463394057 25-SEP-18 10351463440057 25-SEP-18
1 1173 10351463440057 25-SEP-18 10351463440067 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 1
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:10 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T102557
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 1 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
1 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_2_1_20180925.arc
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 1
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:10 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T102557
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 1 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
29 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_2_1_20180925.arc
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
2 Full 9.64M
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 24-SEP-18
SPFILE db_unique_name: INCA
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 10351463440105 Ckp time: 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 2
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:01 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T102613
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 2 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
2 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_3_1_20180925.ctl
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 2
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:01 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T102613
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 2 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
31 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_3_1_20180925.ctl
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
3 Full 25.77G
List of Datafiles in backup set 3
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
5 Full 10351463440514 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180102_01.dbf
13 Full 10351463440514 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180123_index_02.dbf
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 3
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:20:13 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 3 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
3 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_6_1_20180925.bak
4 2 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_6_2_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 3
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:20:13 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 3 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
30 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_6_1_20180925.bak
21 2 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_6_2_20180925.bak
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
4 Full 9.61M
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 10351463442506 Ckp time: 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 4
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:03 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 4 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
5 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_8_1_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 4
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:03 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 4 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
32 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_8_1_20180925.bak
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
5 Full 80.00K
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 24-SEP-18
SPFILE db_unique_name: INCA
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 5
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:01 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 5 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
6 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_9_1_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 5
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:01 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 5 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
37 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_9_1_20180925.bak
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
6 Full 31.42G
List of Datafiles in backup set 6
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
3 Full 10351463440515 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/undotbs01.dbf
4 Full 10351463440515 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/users01.dbf
8 Full 10351463440515 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/cerpzs.dbf
10 Full 10351463440515 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180123_01.dbf
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 6
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:24:04 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 6 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
7 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_7_1_20180925.bak
8 2 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_7_2_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 6
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:24:04 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 6 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
26 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_7_1_20180925.bak
25 2 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_7_2_20180925.bak
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
7 Full 59.33G
List of Datafiles in backup set 7
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
2 Full 10351463440513 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/sysaux01.dbf
7 Full 10351463440513 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180102_index_01.dbf
9 Full 10351463440513 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/cerpzs_index.dbf
11 Full 10351463440513 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180123_02.dbf
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 7
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:35:11 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 7 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
9 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_5_1_20180925.bak
10 2 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_5_2_20180925.bak
11 3 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_5_3_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 7
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:35:11 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 7 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
28 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_5_1_20180925.bak
34 2 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_5_2_20180925.bak
23 3 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_5_3_20180925.bak
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
8 Full 63.78G
List of Datafiles in backup set 8
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
1 Full 10351463440512 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/system01.dbf
6 Full 10351463440512 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180102_02.dbf
12 Full 10351463440512 25-SEP-18 /data/incadg/tasly20180123_index_01.dbf
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 8
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:36:21 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 8 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
12 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_4_1_20180925.bak
13 2 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_4_2_20180925.bak
14 3 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_4_3_20180925.bak
15 4 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_4_4_20180925.bak
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 8
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:36:21 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T103148
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 8 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
27 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_4_1_20180925.bak
24 2 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_4_2_20180925.bak
20 3 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_4_3_20180925.bak
36 4 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_4_4_20180925.bak
BS Key Size
------- ----------
9 2.00K
List of Archived Logs in backup set 9
Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time
---- ------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
1 1175 10351463444143 25-SEP-18 10351463444151 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 9
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110819
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 9 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
16 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_11_1_20180925.arc
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 9
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110819
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 9 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
22 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_11_1_20180925.arc
BS Key Size
------- ----------
10 7.22M
List of Archived Logs in backup set 10
Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time
---- ------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
1 1174 10351463440067 25-SEP-18 10351463444143 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 10
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110819
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 10 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
17 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_10_1_20180925.arc
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 10
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110819
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 10 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
35 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_10_1_20180925.arc
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
11 Full 80.00K
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 24-SEP-18
SPFILE db_unique_name: INCA
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 11
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110820
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 11 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
18 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_13_1_20180925.ctl
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 11
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:00 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110820
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 11 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
33 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_13_1_20180925.ctl
BS Key Type LV Size
------- ---- -- ----------
12 Full 9.61M
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 10351463444196 Ckp time: 25-SEP-18
Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 12
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:02 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110820
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 12 Copy #1
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
19 1 AVAILABLE /backup/cerptraindb/rman/INCA_12_1_20180925.ctl
Backup Set Copy #2 of backup set 12
Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time Compressed Tag
----------- ------------ --------------- ---------- ---
DISK 00:00:02 25-SEP-18 NO TAG20180925T110820
List of Backup Pieces for backup set 12 Copy #2
BP Key Pc# Status Piece Name
------- --- ----------- ----------
38 1 AVAILABLE /data/rman/INCA_12_1_20180925.ctl
RMAN>
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