PostgreSQL自带一个客户端pgAdmin,里面有个备份,恢复选项,也能对数据库进行备份 恢复(还原),但最近发现数据库慢慢庞大的时候,经常出错,备份的文件过程中出错的几率那是相当大,手动调节灰常有限。所以一直寻找完美的备份恢复方案。其实PostgreSQL内置不少的工具,寻找的备份恢复方案就在其中:pg_dump,psql。这两个指令 在数据库的安装目录下,比如我自己本地安装的,路径形如:C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\9.5\;然后进入到bin文件夹,会看到不少的exe文件,这就是PostgreSQL内置的工具了。里面会找到 pg_dump.exe,psql.exe两个文件。
root@ubuntu:~# pg_dump --help
pg_dump dumps a database as a text file or to other formats.
Usage:
pg_dump [OPTION]... [DBNAME]
General options:
-f, --file=FILENAME output file or directory name
-F, --format=c|d|t|p output file format (custom, directory, tar,
plain text (default))
-j, --jobs=NUM use this many parallel jobs to dump
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-Z, --compress=0-9 compression level for compressed formats
--lock-wait-timeout=TIMEOUT fail after waiting TIMEOUT for a table lock
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Options controlling the output content:
-a, --data-only dump only the data, not the schema
-b, --blobs include large objects in dump
-c, --clean clean (drop) database objects before recreating
-C, --create include commands to create database in dump
-E, --encoding=ENCODING dump the data in encoding ENCODING
-n, --schema=SCHEMA dump the named schema(s) only
-N, --exclude-schema=SCHEMA do NOT dump the named schema(s)
-o, --oids include OIDs in dump
-O, --no-owner skip restoration of object ownership in
plain-text format
-s, --schema-only dump only the schema, no data
-S, --superuser=NAME superuser user name to use in plain-text format
-t, --table=TABLE dump the named table(s) only
-T, --exclude-table=TABLE do NOT dump the named table(s)
-x, --no-privileges do not dump privileges (grant/revoke)
--binary-upgrade for use by upgrade utilities only
--column-inserts dump data as INSERT commands with column names
--disable-dollar-quoting disable dollar quoting, use SQL standard quoting
--disable-triggers disable triggers during data-only restore
--enable-row-security enable row security (dump only content user has
access to)
--exclude-table-data=TABLE do NOT dump data for the named table(s)
--if-exists use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
--inserts dump data as INSERT commands, rather than COPY
--no-security-labels do not dump security label assignments
--no-synchronized-snapshots do not use synchronized snapshots in parallel jobs
--no-tablespaces do not dump tablespace assignments
--no-unlogged-table-data do not dump unlogged table data
--quote-all-identifiers quote all identifiers, even if not key words
--section=SECTION dump named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
--serializable-deferrable wait until the dump can run without anomalies
--snapshot=SNAPSHOT use given snapshot for the dump
--use-set-session-authorization
use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership
Connection options:
-d, --dbname=DBNAME database to dump
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-U, --username=NAME connect as specified database user
-w, --no-password never prompt for password
-W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)
--role=ROLENAME do SET ROLE before dump
If no database name is supplied, then the PGDATABASE environment
variable value is used.
Report bugs to <pgsql-bugs@postgresql.org>.
用法:
备份数据库,指令如下:
pg_dump -h $hostname -p $port -U $username -d $dbname -w -b -v -f /backup/pgsql/pgsql_$dbname_$today.sql
指令解释:如上命令,pg_dump 是备份数据库指令,$hostname是数据库的ip地址(必须保证数据库允许外部访问的权限哦~),当然本地的数据库ip写 localhost;$username 是数据库的用户名;$dbname 是数据库名。> 意思是导出到/backup/pgsql/pgsql_$dbname_$today.sql文件里,如果没有写路径,单单写pgsql_$dbname_$today.sql文件名,那么备份文件会保存在/usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin文件夹里。
大家注意到了pg_dump后面没有跟密码参数,上面备份命令没有输入密码。
#切换至pgsql用户
su - postgres
#家目录下创建.pgpass文件
vi .pgpass
$hostname:$port:$dbname:$username:$password
#赋权
chmod 600 .pgpass
注:$hostname无论是主机名还是IP,必须要存在于/etc/hosts中且一致。
报错信息“pg_dump: [archiver (db)] connection to database "rebate" failed: fe_sendauth: no password supplied”
#编辑.bashrc文件
vi ~/.bashrc
#pgsql passwd
export PGPASSWORD="$password"
执行完上述步骤后可免密备份。
备份脚本如下
#!/bin/bash
export today=`date +%Y%m%d`
export EXP_FILE=/backup/$dbname/pgsql-$dbname_$today.gz
pg_dump -h $hostname -p $port -U $username -d $dbname -w -b -v -f /backup/$dbname/pgsql_$dbname_$today.sql
nohup /bin/gzip /backup/$dbname/pgsql-$dbname_$today.sql $EXP_FILE &
find /backup/$dbname -mtime +15 -name 'pgsql-$dbname_*.gz' -exec rm -rf {} \;
find /backup/$dbname -mtime -1 -name '*.sql' -exec rm -rf {} \;