Makefile文件和shell脚本

1、在Makefile中只能在target中调用Shell脚本，其他地方是不能输出的。比如如下代码就是没有任何输出：

VAR="Hello"
echo "$VAR"

all:
   .....

以上代码任何时候都不会输出，没有在target内，如果上述代码改为如下：

VAR="Hello"

all:
    echo "$VAR"
    .....

以上代码，在make all的时候将会执行echo命令。

2、在Makefile中执行shell命令，一行创建一个进程来执行。这也是为什么很多Makefile中有很多行的末尾都是“;  \”，以此来保证代码是一行而不是多行，这样Makefile可以在一个进程中执行，例如：

SUBDIR=src example
all:
    @for subdir in $(SUBDIR); \
    do\
        echo "building "; \
    done

上述可以看出for循环中每行都是以”; \”结尾的。

3、Makefile中所有以$打头的单词都会被解释成Makefile中的变量。如果你需要调用shell中的变量（或者正则表达式中锚定句位$），都需要加两个$符号（$$）。实例如下：

PATH="/data/"

all:
    echo ${PATH}
    echo $$PATH

例子中的第一个${PATH}引用的是Makefile中的变量，而不是shell中的PATH环境变量，后者引用的事Shell中的PATH环境变量。

     以上三点的是Makefile调用shell应该注意的地方，写Makefile一定要注意。

如果make执行的命令前面加了@字符，则不显示命令本身而只显示它的结果; Android中会定义某个变量等于@，例如 hide:= @

通常make执行的命令如果出错（该命令的退出状态非0）就立刻终止，不再执行后续命令，但如果命令前面加了-号，即使这条命令出错，make也会继续执行后续命令。

通常rm命令和mkdir命令前面要加-号，因为rm要删除的文件可能不存在，mkdir要创建的目录可能已存在，这两个命令都有可能出错，但这种错误是应该忽略的。

Stripping shared libraries

Wed 23 December 2009

In linux.

Ian Wienand

So, how to strip a shared library?

--strip-unneeded states that it removes all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. This is a little cryptic, because one might reasonably assume that a shared library can be "relocated", in that it can be loaded anywhere. However, what this really refers to is object files that are usually built and bundled into a .a archive for static linking. For an object in an static library archive to still be useful, global symbols must be kept, although static symbols can be removed. Take the following small example:

$ cat libtest.c
static int static_var = 100;
int global_var = 100;

static int static_function(void) {
       return static_var;
}

int global_function(int i) {
    return static_function() + global_var + i;
}

Before stripping:

$ gcc -c -fPIC -o libtest.o libtest.c
$ readelf --symbols ./libtest.o

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 18 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
...
     5: 00000000     4 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT    5 static_var
     6: 00000000    22 FUNC    LOCAL  DEFAULT    3 static_function
    13: 00000004     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT    5 global_var
    16: 00000016    36 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 global_function

After stripping:

$ strip --strip-unneeded libtest.o
$ readelf --symbols ./libtest.o

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 15 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
...
    10: 00000004     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT    5 global_var
    13: 00000016    36 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 global_function

If you --strip-all from this object file, it will remove the entire .symtab section and will be useless for further linking, because you'll never be able to find global_function to call it!.

Shared libraries are different, however. Shared libraries keep global symbols in a separate ELF section called .dynsym. --strip-all will not touch the dynamic symbol entires, and thus it is therefore safe to remove all the "standard" symbols from the output file, without affecting the usability of the shared library. For example, readelf will still show the .dynsym symbols even after stripping:

$ gcc -shared -fPIC -o libtest.so libtest.c
$ strip --strip-all ./libtest.so
$ readelf  --syms ./libtest.so

Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 11 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
...
     6: 00000452    36 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   12 global_function
    10: 000015e0     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT   21 global_var

However, --strip-unneeded is smart enough to realise that a shared-object library doesn't need the .symtab section as well and remove it.

So, conclusions? --strip-all is safe on shared libraries, because global symbols remain in a separate section, but not on objects for inclusion in static libraries (relocatable objects). --strip-unneeded is safe for both, and automatically understands shared objects do not need any .symtab entries to function and removes them; effectively doing the same work as --strip-all. So, --strip-unneeded is essentially the only tool you need for standard stripping needs!

See also