数据库操作指令

数据库查询

SQL语句：

-- 数据的准备
	-- 创建一个数据库
	create database python_test charset=utf8;

	-- 使用一个数据库
	use python_test;

	-- 显示使用的当前数据是哪个？
	select database();

	-- 创建一个数据表
	-- students表
	create table students(
		id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
		name varchar(30),
		age tinyint unsigned default 0,
		high decimal(5,2),
		gender enum("男","女","中性","保密") default "保密"，
		cla_id int unsigned default 0,
		is_delete bit default 0
	);

	-- classes表
	create table classes(
		id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
		name varchar(30) not null
	);


-- 查询
	-- 查询所有手段
	-- select * from 表名
	select * from students;
	select * from classes;
	select id,name from students;

	-- 查询指定字段
	-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
	select name,age from students;

	-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
	-- select 字段 as 名字 .... from 表名;
	select name as 姓名,age as 年龄 from students;

	-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
	select students.name,students.age from students;

	-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
	-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
	select students.name,students.age from students;
	select s.name,s.age from students as s;
	-- 失败的 select students.name,students.age from students as s;

	-- 消除重复行
	-- distinct 字段
	select distinct gender from students;

查询

-- 条件查询
	-- 比较运算符
		-- select .... from 表名 where .....
		-- >
		-- 查询大于18岁的信息
		select * from students where age>18;
		select id,name,gender from students where age>18;

		-- <
		-- 查询小于18岁的信息
		select * from students where age<18;

		-- >=
		-- <=
		-- 查询小于或等于18岁的信息

		-- =
		-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
		select * from students where age=18;

		-- !=或者<>

	-- 逻辑运算符
		-- and
		-- 18到28之间的所有学生信息
		select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
		-- 失败的 select * from students where age>18 and <28;

		-- 18岁以上的女性
		select * from students where age>18 or gender="女";
		select * from students where age>18 or gender=2;

		-- or
		-- 18以上或者身高超过180（包含）以上
		select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;

		-- not
		-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
		-- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
		select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

		-- 年龄不是小于或者等于18岁 并且是女性
		select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;

	-- 模糊查询
		-- like
		-- % 替换一个或多个
		-- _ 替换一个
		-- 查询姓名中 以“小”开始的名字
		select name from students where name like "小%";

		-- 查询姓名中 有“小”所有的名字
		select name from students where name like "%小%";

		-- 查询有2个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "——";

		-- 查询有3个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "———";

		-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "——%";

		-- rlike 正则
		-- 查询以 周 开始的姓名
		select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";

		-- 查询以 周 开始、伦 结尾的姓名
		select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";


-- 范围查询
	-- in (1,3,8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄为18、34岁的姓名
	select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
	select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
	select name,age from students where age in (12,18,34);

	-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
	-- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
	select name,age from students where age not in (12,18,34);

	-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄在18到34岁之间的信息
	select name,age from students where age between 18 and 34;

	-- not between ... and ... 表示不在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄不在18到34岁之间的信息
	select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
	select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
	-- 失败 select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);

-- 空判断
	-- 判空is null
	-- 查询身高为空的信息
	select * from students where height is null;
	select * from students where height is NULL;
	select * from students where height is Null;

	-- 判非空is not null
	select * from students where height is not null;

排序

-- 排序
	-- order by 字段
	-- asc从小到大排列，即升序
	-- desc从小到大排序，即降序

	-- 查询年龄在18到34之间的男性，按照年龄从小到大排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;

	-- 查询年龄在18到34之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height asc;

	-- order by 多个字段
	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序，如果身高相同按照年龄从小到大排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,id desc;

	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序，如果身高相同按照年龄从小到大排序
	-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;

	-- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮排序
	select * from students order by age asc,height desc;

聚合函数

-- 聚合函数
	-- 总数
	-- count
	-- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
	select * from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;

	-- 最大值
	-- max
	-- 查询最大年龄
	select age from students;
	select max(age) from students;

	-- 查询女性的最高 身高
	select max(height) from students where gender=2;

	-- 最小值
	-- min

	-- 求和
	-- sum
	-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
	select sum(age) from students;

	-- 平均值
	-- avg
	-- 计算平均年龄
	select avg(age) from students;

	-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
	select sum(age)/count(*) from students;

	-- 四舍五入 round(123.23,1)保留一位小数
	-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留两位小数
	select round(sum(age)/count(*),2) from students;
	select round(sum(age)/count(*),3) from students;

	-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
	select round(avg(height),2) from students where gender=1;
	-- select name,round(avg(height),2) from students where gender=1;

分组

-- 分组
	-- group by
	-- 按照性别分组，查询所有的性别
	select name from students group by gender;
	select * from students group by gender;
	select gender from students group by gender;
	-- 失败select * from students group by gender;

	-- 计算每种性别中的人数
	select gender,count(*) from students where group by gender;

	-- 计算男性的人数
	select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

	-- group_concat(...)
	-- 查询同种性别的姓名
	select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
	select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
	select gender,group_concat(name,"_",age,"_",id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

	-- having
	-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) >30
	select gender,group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;

	-- 查询每种性别人数多于2个的信息
	select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;