Search in Rotated Sorted Array

/*
Description:
Suppose a sorted array is rotated at some pivot unknown to you beforehand.
(i.e., 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 might become 4 5 6 7 0 1 2).
You are given a target value to search. If found in the array return its index, otherwise return -1.
You may assume no duplicate exists in the array
*/

方法一

/*
Parse:二分查找，难度主要在于左右边界的确定。
假设有一个排序的按未知的旋转轴旋转的数组(比如，0 1 2 4 5 6 7 可能成为4 5 6 7 0 1 2)。
给定一个目标值进行搜索，如果在数组中找到目标值返回数组中的索引位置，否则返回-1。
给出[4, 5, 1, 2, 3]和target=1，返回 2
给出[4, 5, 1, 2, 3]和target=0，返回 -1
note:没有重复的元素是重要信息
*/

// LeetCode, Search in Rotated Sorted Array
// 时间复杂度 O(log n)空间复杂度(1)

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

class Solution {
    public:
        int search(const vector<int>& nums, int target) {
            int first = 0, last = nums.size();
            while (first != last) {
                const int mid = first + (last - first) / 2;
                if (nums[mid] == target)
                return mid;
                if (nums[first] <= nums[mid]) {
                    if (nums[first] <= target && target < nums[mid])
                    last = mid;
                    else
                    first = mid + 1;
                } 
                else {
                    if (nums[mid] < target && target <= nums[last-1])
                    first = mid + 1;
                    else
                    last = mid;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }   
};

int main(){
    Solution a;
    vector<int> nums;
    nums.push_back(0);  nums.push_back(1);  nums.push_back(2);  nums.push_back(4); 
    nums.push_back(5);  nums.push_back(6);  nums.push_back(7); 

    int b=a.search(nums,7);
    cout<<b;
    return 0;
}

方法二

class Solution {
public:
    int search(int A[], int n, int target) {
        int lo=0,hi=n-1;
        // find the index of the smallest value using binary search.
        // Loop will terminate since mid < hi, and lo or hi will shrink by at least 1.
        // Proof by contradiction that mid < hi: if mid==hi, then lo==hi and loop would have been terminated.
        while(lo<hi){
            int mid=(lo+hi)/2;
            if(A[mid]>A[hi]) lo=mid+1;
            else hi=mid;
        }
        // lo==hi is the index of the smallest value and also the number of places rotated.
        int rot=lo;
        lo=0;hi=n-1;
        // The usual binary search and accounting for rotation.
        while(lo<=hi){
            int mid=(lo+hi)/2;
            int realmid=(mid+rot)%n;
            if(A[realmid]==target)return realmid;
            if(A[realmid]<target)lo=mid+1;
            else hi=mid-1;
        }
        return -1;
    }
};

思路：二分查找

难点在于确定往数组的哪一半段继续二分查找
设起点、中间点、终点分别为 start、middle、end (採用前闭后开的区间表示方法
假设target = A[middle] return middle
假设A[middle] >= A[start]，则[start,middle)单调递增
1.假设target < A[middle] && target >= A[start]，则 end = middle
2.start = middle + 1, otherwise
假设A[middle] < A[start]。则[middle,end)单调递增
1.假设target > A[middle] && target <= A[end - 1]，则 start = middle + 1
2.end = middle, otherwise

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Explanation

My solutions use binary search guided by the following thoughts:

Remember the array is sorted, except it might drop at one point.

If nums[0] <= nums[i], then nums[0..i] is sorted (in case of "==" it's just one element, and in case of "<" there must be a drop elsewhere). So we should keep searching in nums[0..i] if the target lies in this sorted range, i.e., if nums[0] <= target <= nums[i].

If nums[i] < nums[0], then nums[0..i] contains a drop, and thus nums[i+1..end] is sorted and lies strictly between nums[i] and nums[0]. So we should keep searching in nums[0..i] if the target doesn't lie strictly between them, i.e., if target <= nums[i] < nums[0] or nums[i] < nums[0] <= target

Those three cases look cyclic:

nums[0] <= target <= nums[i]
           target <= nums[i] < nums[0]
                     nums[i] < nums[0] <= target

So I have the three checks (nums[0] <= target), (target <= nums[i]) and (nums[i] < nums[0]), and I want to know whether exactly two of them are true. They can’t all be true or all be false (check it), so I just need to distinguish between “two true” and “one true”. Parity is enough for that, so instead of adding them I xor them, which is a bit shorter and particularly helpful in Java and Ruby, because those don’t let me add booleans but do let me xor them.

(Actually while developing this I thought of permutations of nums[0], target and nums[i] and the permutation parity and saw those three checks as representing inversions, but I had trouble putting that into words and now find the above explanation much better. But it helped me get there, so I wanted to mention it here.)

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