django增删改查
models.py
class Student(models.Model):
stu_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
stu_no = models.CharField(max_length=20)
stu_sex = models.CharField(max_length=10)
stu_age = models.IntegerField()
stu_birth = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return '%s %s %s %s %s' % (self.stu_name, self.stu_name, self.stu_sex, self.stu_age, self.stu_birth)
python manage.py shell
from blog.models import Student
添加数据
第一种方法:
Student.objects.create(stu_name = 'test', stu_no = '201457507203', stu_age = 20)
第二种方法:
s = Student(stu_name = 'test', stu_no = '201457507203', stu_age = 20)
s.save()
第三种方法:
s = Student()
s.stu_name = 'test'
s.stu_no = '201457507203'
s.stu_age = '20'
s.save()
第四种方法:
Student.objects.get_or_create(stu_name = 'test', stu_no = '201457507203', stu_age = 20)
这种方法是防止重复很好的方法,但是速度要相对慢些,返回一个元组,第一个为Person对象,第二个为True或False, 新建时返回的是True, 已经存在时返回False.
(<Student: test test 20 2017-09-26 02:40:19.959604+00:00>, True)
删除数据
删除一条数据
Student.objects.get(stu_name = 'test').delete()
注意:此时只能数据库只能有一条 stu_name = ‘test’的数据,这样才能删除,如果存在多条,则会显示:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 384, in get
(self.model._meta.object_name, num)
MultipleObjectsReturned: get() returned more than one Student -- it returned 2!
这时候我们就要用到下列操作:
删除一组数据
Student.objects.filter(stu_name = 'test').delete();
(2L, {u'blog.Student': 2L})
修改数据
修改 stu_name = ‘test’ 的stu_no字段为‘201457507208’
>>> student = Student.objects.get(stu_name = 'test')
>>> student.stu_no = '201457507208'
>>> student.save()
批量修改,适用于 .all() .filter() .exclude() 等后面 (危险操作,正式场合操作务必谨慎)
Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc").update(name='xxx') # 名称中包含 "abc"的人 都改成 xxx
Person.objects.all().delete() # 删除所有 Person 记录
查询记录
- 获取所有对象Student.objects.all()
>>> Student.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Student: shirukai shirukai 20 2017-09-26 02:30:33.850131+00:00>, <Student: test test 20 2017-09-26 02:59:01.191525+00:00>]>
切片操作某个区间Student.objects.all()[]
如获取2到5区间3条记录[2:5]
>>> Student.objects.all()
<QuerySet [
<Student: test1 test1 20 2017-09-26 02:59:01.191525+00:00>,
<Student: test2 test2 20 2017-09-26 03:03:38.216921+00:00>,
<Student: test3 test3 20 2017-09-26 03:03:39.481338+00:00>,
<Student: test4 test4 20 2017-09-26 03:03:40.457119+00:00>,
<Student: test5 test5 20 2017-09-26 03:03:41.025110+00:00>,
<Student: test6 test6 20 2017-09-26 03:03:41.592895+00:00>,
<Student: test7 test7 20 2017-09-26 03:03:42.152777+00:00>]>
Student.objects.all()[2:5]
<QuerySet [
<Student: test3 test3 20 2017-09-26 03:03:39.481338+00:00>,
<Student: test4 test4 20 2017-09-26 03:03:40.457119+00:00>,
<Student: test5 test5 20 2017-09-26 03:03:41.025110+00:00>]>
Student.objects.get(stu_uname = ‘test1’)获取的是一条记录
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname = ‘test1’)获取的是多条名字为test1的记录
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname __iexact=”abc”) # 名称为 abc 但是不区分大小写,可以找到 ABC, Abc, aBC,这些都符合条件
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname __contains=”abc”) # 名称中包含 “abc”的人
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname __icontains=”abc”) #名称中包含 “abc”,且abc不区分大小写
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname __regex=”^abc”) # 正则表达式查询
Student.objects.filter(stu_uname __iregex=”^abc”) # 正则表达式不区分大小写
filter是找出满足条件的,当然也有排除符合某条件的
Person.objects.exclude(stu_uname __contains=”WZ”) # 排除包含 WZ 的Person对象
Person.objects.filter(stu_uname __contains=”abc”).exclude(age=23) # 找出名称含有abc, 但是排除年龄是23岁的
注意事项:
(1). 如果只是检查 Student 中是否有对象,应该用 Student .objects.all().exists()
(2). QuerySet 支持切片 Student .objects.all()[:10] 取出10条,可以节省内存
(3). 用 len(es) 可以得到Student 的数量,但是推荐用 Student .objects.count()来查询数量,后者用的是SQL:SELECT COUNT(*)
(4). list(es) 可以强行将 QuerySet 变成 列表
查询排序
按照名称排序
Student.objects.all().order_by('stu_name')
Student.objects.all().order_by('-stu_name') # 在 column name 前加一个负号,可以实现倒序
链式查询
查询名字包含test的且年龄为20的学生
Student.objects.filter(stu_name__contains='test').filter(stu_age='20')
结果:
<QuerySet [
<Student: test1 test1 20 2017-09-26 02:59:01.191525+00:00>,
<Student: test5 test5 20 2017-09-26 03:03:41.025110+00:00>,
<Student: test7 test7 20 2017-09-26 03:03:42.152777+00:00>]>
查询名字包含test的且年龄不为20的学生
Student.objects.filter(stu_name__contains='test').exclude(stu_age='20')
结果:
<QuerySet
[<Student: test1 test1 20 2017-09-26 02:59:01.191525+00:00>,
<Student: test5 test5 20 2017-09-26 03:03:41.025110+00:00>,
<Student: test7 test7 20 2017-09-26 03:03:42.152777+00:00>]>
QuerySet不支持负索引
Student.objects.all()[:10] 切片操作,前10条
Student.objects.all()[-10:] 会报错!!!
# 1. 使用 reverse() 解决
Student.objects.all().reverse()[:2] # 最后两条
Student.objects.all().reverse()[0] # 最后一条
# 2. 使用 order_by,在栏目名(column name)前加一个负号
Student.objects.order_by('-id')[:3] # id最大的3条
QuerySet 重复的问题,使用 .distinct() 去重
stu = Student.objects.all()
stu = stu.distinct()