安装Linux系统对硬件的要求

很多初学者在安装 Linux 系统时,都对自己的电脑配置存在质疑,担心其是否能够满足安装 Linux 的要求。本节就从 CPU、内存、硬盘、显卡等这些方面,详细介绍一下安装 Linux 系统的最低配置。

基于硬件的快速发展以及操作系统核心功能的增加,势必将淘汰掉一批老旧的电脑,它们已经没有能力负荷新的操作系统了。举个最直观的例子,奔腾-III 之前的硬件配置可能已经无法再搭载如今的 Linux 发行版了,而且这部分电脑很可能因为电子零件老化等因素,导致其在运行过程出现无法解释的宕机情况。

不过,Linux 系统所需的硬件配置也不需要太高端,大体来说,生产期限在 5 年以内的电脑,基本上就可以满足初学者的日常使用,其最基本的硬件配置只需要符合如下的标准即可:

  • CPU:Intel i3 及以上系统的 CPU 就可以,完全能够支撑系统的正常运行;

  • 内存:当然是越大越好,事实上,在 Linux 服务器中内存远比 CPU 要重要的多,因为如果内存不够大,就不得不使用硬盘中的内存置换空间(又称 swap 空间),但我们都知道,CPU从内存中读取数据要比从硬盘中读取数据的效率高得多,所以内存太小很可能会影响系统整体的性能。通常情况下,对于小型的 Linux 服务器来说,建议至少要有 512MB 以上的内存。

  • 硬盘:考虑到数据量和数据存取频率的不同,对于硬件的要求也不相同。举个例子,如果是一般的小型服务器,其硬盘容量大于 20GB 就基本够用了,但是如果你的服务器是用来作为备份或者作为小企业的文件服务器,那么可能就要考虑选用适当的磁盘阵列(RAID)模式了。

  • 显卡:如果你安装的 Linux 系统不需要 X Windows 桌面环境,那么显卡就显得不是那么重要了;反之,则你的显卡最好能够拥有 32MB 以上的内存,否则运行桌面环境的效率会很低。

  • 网卡:是 Linux 服务器上最重要的组件之一,目前绝大多数的主板都内建有 10/100/1000Mbps 的超高速以太网卡。需要注意的是,不同网卡的功能多少会有些差异,较好的网卡通常 Linux 驱动程序做的也会比较好,使用起来会比较顺畅。总的来说,如果你的服务器需要进行频繁的网络读写(I/O)功能,尽量选择 Intel(因特)、boradcom(博通)等这些大公司的网卡。

  • 光盘、键盘和鼠标:这些硬件都是非必备的,能用就行。

不同应用领域搭载 Linux 的硬件配置要求

综合以上所讲的内容,可以得出这样一个结论,即对于初学者来说,如今市面上 99% 的电脑都能满足大家学习 Linux 的需求,因此读者可以放心给自己的电脑安装 Linux 系统。

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Linux Hardware Compatibility Lists Debian GNU/Linux device driver check page - This database verifies the PCI devices at this time (X drivers, ISA, USB, IEEE1394 or any other devices are out of its focus). Paste your result of 'lspci -n' taken from GNU/Linux OS (such as Debian, Knoppix, RedHat, and so on) to the box, then push 'Check' button. openSUSE Hardware Compatibility List - The following pages are used by the openSUSE community to record the compatibility of various hardware and full systems with SUSE Linux. Please share your experience by adding your hardware, especially if you had some issue that you overcame. Mandriva Hardware Database - This hardware database allows you to check the compatibility of your hardware with the Mandriva Linux OS. The certified hardware has the highest level of compatibility. Red Hat Hardware Catalog - Database containing certified hardware for Red Hat products. UbuntuUsers Hardwaredatenbank - Auf dieser Seite soll eine Hardwaredatenbank fuer Ubuntu Linux entstehen. Sie koennen hier unter Ubuntu Linux verwendete (neuere) Hardware hinzufuegen, welche gut laeuft. LinuxQuestions.org HCL - This is the Linux Hardware Compatibility List from LinuxQuestions.org. Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO - This document attempts to list most of the hardware known to be either supported or unsupported under Linux. Linux Hardware Components - The manufacturers and distributors listed on this site sell hardware and peripherals that are Linux-friendly. If you're looking for drivers or need to know if your hardware is supported, this is a good place to find out. LinuxCompatible.org Compatibility List - This is a user submitted compatibility database for hardware running under GNU/Linux. Phoronix Linux Compatible Hardware - is designed to be a community-driven indexing system for computer hardware under GNU/Linux. This system allows you to post GNU/Linux information on hardware as well as sharing your own personal experiences when it comes to GNU/Linux compatibility. You are also able to browse and search the database for other hardware as well. FSF Hardware Database - Free Software Foundation's listing of hardware that supports free software. Linux-Hardware.org - Die Linux Hardware Datenbank soll Usern einen Ueberblick verschaffen, welche Hardware von welcher Distribution unterstuezt wird. Sie ist so angelegt, dass sie problemlos fuer alle Distributionen genutzt und von Usern ergaenzt werden kann. Linux Support for HP PC's - This page provides an overview of Linux support for HP PC's and peripeherals. Don't base purchasing decisions on the information provided here. This site's main goal is to provide information for people already owning an HP PC. Tuxhardware.de - (TU)X-beliebige Hardware. Tuxhardware.de ist ein Online- Shop in Deutschland der Produkte mit LINUX- Eignung anbietet. Hier finden Sie u.a. auch Installationsanleitungen, Tipps & Tricks und Links zu Treibern. Unix printer compatiblity database listing - The LinuxPrinting.org printer database contains a wealth of information about specific printers, along with extensive driver information, basic specifications, and an associated set of configuration tools. You can just go straight to a particular printer, or you can list all printers from a given manufacturer. Looking for a printer to buy? Take a look at: "Suggested Printers for Free Software Users". Gutenprint Supported Printers - Gutenprint, formerly called Gimp-Print, offers high quality drivers for Canon, Epson, Lexmark, Sony, Olympus, and PCL printers for use with Ghostscript, CUPS, Foomatic, and the Gimp. TurboPrint Supported Printers - This is the list of TurboPrint Supported Printers. It includes almost every Canon, Epson & HP and many Brother printers. TurboPrint makes it possible to use the latest color printers with Linux. It is designed to produce maximum quality photo prints as well as high-speed text documents. Printer set-up and configuration is as simple as on Windows or MacOS. TurboPrint is a high-quality printer driver system for Linux built on existing standards (lpr or CUPS printer spooler, ghostscript interpreter for Postscript) thus achieving easy integration and maximum compatibility with existing applications. Von TurboPrint unterstuetzte Drucker - TurboPrint ermoeglicht den Einsatz moderner Farbdrucker unter Linux. Mit TurboPrint erzielen Sie sowohl die bestmoegliche Druckqualitaet bei fotorealistischen Ausdrucken, als auch eine schnelle Ausgabe von Text-Dokumenten. Drucker-Einrichtung und Konfiguration sind durch grafische Menues genauso einfach wie in MS Windows. TurboPrint unterstuetzt fast alle Canon, Epson & HP und viele Brother Drucker. ESP Print Pro Supported Printers - ESP Print Pro supports thousands of printers - search for yours. ESP Print Pro is a complete (commercial) UNIX cross- platform printing software package, containing thousands of high quality printer drivers for AIX, Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux and Solaris (Intel and SPARC). A free 21-day demo license is available for first-time users. SANE: Supported Devices - shows if your scanner is supported and if yes, by which backend. If it's not supported, it may at least point to documentation or test programs. The search engine contains information from the latest stable SANE release, the development ("CVS") version of SANE and from external backends. The database is updated once per day. VueScan: Supported Scanners - is a continuously upgraded list of VueScan supported scanners. VueScan supports more than 500 different scanners, and these are organized by vendor name. VueScan is a scanning utility that works with most high- quality flatbed and film scanners to produce scans that have excellent color fidelity and color balance. A free trial version is available. Digital Camera Support for UNIX, Linux and BSD - trys to explain how to find out if your camera may work or not under a UNIX system. This site includes a table summarize for digital cameras, how they are supported under UNIX operating systems. Supported Cameras in gPhoto - On this page, you find a list of the supported camera models of the current release of gPhoto (=digital camera software applications for Unix-like systems. gPhoto2 is a free, redistributable, ready to use set of digital camera software applications for Unix-like systems). Support for additional cameras may be in the current libgphoto2 SVN trunk code. They will be added to the next release. If your camera is neither supported in the current release nor in current SVN trunk, it is possible that it is an old camera for which the original gPhoto driver has not been ported yet (mostly due to lack of demand) or it is a new camera for which there is no support at all. Working Webcams with PWC - This is a web-based collaboration area for the next generation Philips Web Camera Linux Kernel Module. On this page, you find a list of the supported Webcams. ALSA Soundcard Matrix - ALSA ("Advanced Linux Sound Architecture") supported audio- cards or chipsets. ALSA provides audio and MIDI functionality to the Linux operating system. OSS Sound Card List - OSS supported audio- cards or chipsets. This list is not 100% complete. There are dozens of sound cards that are based on some standard sound chips (or motherboard chipset) made by vendors like Intel, VIA, Cirrus/Crystal, Analog Devices, Realtek, Yamaha, C'Media, Trident, Sigmatel and many others. Such cards may not be listed in the following list but they are still supported. Driver Status for XFree86 4.3.0 - provides information about the status of the driver and hardware support in XFree86 4.3.0 compared with that in XFree86 3.3.6. Xi Graphics Accelerated-X support - listed by Notebooks/ Laptops, Graphics Cards, Graphics Chips. Li

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