A Brief Introduction to Digital Video

转自http://www.spacewire.co.uk/video_standard.html

This page provides a brief introduction to the BT656 (4:2:2) YCbCr Standard Definition 8-bit Digital Video format. By no means does it describe the full video standard in detail, it mealy introduces the subject matter from an implementation perspective.

Frames

A full frame of interlaced video consists of two almost identical fields. The first field contains all the odd video lines and the second field contains all the even video lines.

Fields

A field is made up of three distinct regions, first blanking period, active video and second blanking period. The difference between the first field and the second, is merely in the number lines during the first blanking period, the first field having one less than the second.

A complete NTSC/PAL video frame (both fields) is shown below: -

Lines		Field / VBlk		Line Description
PAL	NTSC	F	V
22	19	'0'	'1'	Field 1 - First Vertical Blanking (Top)
288	240	'0'	'0'	Field 1 - Active Video
2	3	'0'	'1'	Field 1 - Second Vertical Blanking (Bottom)
23	20	'1'	'1'	Field 2 - First Vertical Blanking (Top)
288	240	'1'	'0'	Field 2 - Active Video
2	3	'1'	'1'	Field 2 - Second Vertical Blanking (Bottom)
625	525

There are two very important values to remember here, these being F (Field Number) and V (Vertical Blanking). These values control the vertical position of a line.

A logic zero on F states that a line belongs in Field 1, likewise a logic one on F states that a line belongs in Field 2.

A logic zero on V states that a line is part of the Active Video, whereas a logic one on V states that a line is part of the Vertical Blanking.

Lines

Lines consist of four parts, EAV Code, Blanking Video, SAV Code and Active Video. These are shown below: -

EAV Code

Blanking Video

SAV Code

Active Video

255

0

0

EAV

Cb

Y

Cr

Y

255

0

0

SAV

Cb

Y

Cr

Y

4 Bytes

280 (268) Bytes

4 Bytes

1440 Bytes

The EAV (End Active Video) and SAV (Start Active Video) Codes are made up of four bytes. The first three bytes provide the video synchronization and the last one byte provides the line coding.

What has not been discussed so far is H, the Horizontal Blanking value, this is a logic one during the EAV Code, Blanking Video and SAV Code, then becomes a logic zero for the duration of Active Video.

Note: The above description of Horizontal Blanking indicates that the H value of SAV is a logic one, this however is not the case. The H value of SAV should be a logic zero, even though the H value itself will be a logic one at this point. Care should be taken when implementing this logic!!

Both the EAV and SAV bytes are constructed in exactly the same way, as shown below: -

Bit:	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Value:	'1'	F	V	H	V xor H	F xor H	F xor V	F xor V xor H

The Exclusive-OR components of these bytes can be used to detect and correct errors in the F, V and H values. Both one and two bit errors can be corrected by these components.

The Blanking Video period of a line consists of 280 bytes (PAL) or 268 bytes (NTSC) and the Active Video period of a line consists of 1440 bytes (PAL & NTSC). What these bytes represent is a repeated sequence of, Cb, Y, Cr, Y, where: -

Y	=	Brightness (Nominal Range 16-235)
Cb	=	Blue Chrominance (Nominal Range 16-240)
Cr	=	Red Chrominance (Nominal Range 16-240)

The YCbCr colour space is very different from the RGB colour space, but sometimes it is useful to convert between the two. The formulae for these conversions are given below: -

Y	=	16	+	0.257R	+	0.504G	+	0.098B
Cb	=	128	-	0.148R	-	0.291G	+	0.439B
Cr	=	128	+	0.439R	-	0.368G	-	0.071B

R	=	1.164(Y - 16)	+	1.596(Cr - 128)
G	=	1.164(Y - 16)	-	0.813(Cr - 128)	-	0.391(Cb - 128)
B	=	1.164(Y - 16)	+	2.018(Cb - 128)

These formulae convert R(0-255), G(0-255), B(0-255) into Y(16-235), Cb(16-240), Cr(16-240) and visa-versa.

For every two Y values there is only one Cb and Cr value, this means that care must be taken when converting from RGB. Many sampling techniques exist for performing this conversion, the simplest two are based on converting one or two pixels at a time, these are given below: -

One Pixel Interleave

The above conversion formulae are used to convert one RGB pixel at a time, using only the Blue Chrominance for the even pixels and the Red Chrominance for the odd pixels: -

Pixel 1:	Y	=	16	+	0.257R0	+	0.504G0	+	0.098B0
	Cb	=	128	-	0.148R0	-	0.291G0	+	0.439B0
Pixel 2:	Y	=	16	+	0.257R1	+	0.504G1	+	0.098B1
	Cr	=	128	+	0.439R1	-	0.368G1	-	0.071B1

The final result: (R ₀, G ₀, B ₀), (R ₁, G ₁, B ₁) to (Cb ₀, Y ₀), (Cr ₁, Y ₁), etc.

Two Pixel Average

The above conversion formulae are used to convert two RGB pixels at a time, the Blue and Red Chrominance values are then averaged to obtain the final chrominance values: -

Pixel 1:	Y0	=	16	+	0.257R0	+	0.504G0	+	0.098B0
	Cb0	=	128	-	0.148R0	-	0.291G0	+	0.439B0
	Cr0	=	128	+	0.439R0	-	0.368G0	-	0.071B0
Pixel 2:	Y1	=	16	+	0.257R1	+	0.504G1	+	0.098B1
	Cb1	=	128	-	0.148R1	-	0.291G1	+	0.439B1
	Cr1	=	128	+	0.439R1	-	0.368G1	-	0.071B1
Average:	Cb01	=	(Cb0 + Cb1) / 2
	Cr01	=	(Cr0 + Cr1) / 2

The final result: (R ₀, G ₀, B ₀), (R ₁, G ₁, B ₁) to (Cb ₀₁, Y ₀, Cr ₀₁, Y ₁), etc.

The Complete Picture

The simplest video screen to create is a flood filled screen of one colour, for this the Y, Cb and Cr values need to be calculated for that colour, this is shown below: -

For a bright blue colour the RGB values are, Red=0, Green=0 and Blue=255. By using the above conversion formulae the YCbCr values can be obtained: -

Y	=	16	+	0.257(0)	+	0.504(0)	+	0.098(255)	=	41
Cb	=	128	-	0.148(0)	-	0.291(0)	+	0.439(255)	=	240
Cr	=	128	+	0.439(0)	-	0.368(0)	-	0.071(255)	=	110

It is customary in video to produce black pixels during the blanking periods, when auxiliary data such has sound and teletext are not being transmitted. Again by using the conversion formulae the YCbCr values can be obtained: -

Y	=	16	+	0.257(0)	+	0.504(0)	+	0.098(0)	=	16
Cb	=	128	-	0.148(0)	-	0.291(0)	+	0.439(0)	=	128
Cr	=	128	+	0.439(0)	-	0.368(0)	-	0.071(0)	=	128

Using the Frame, Field and Line descriptions above, a complete screen of blue video can be built up. An example of this is shown below for a PAL screen (NTSC values are shown in parenthesis): -

Field 1 - First Vertical Blanking (Top) - Repeat for 22 (19) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	182	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	171	128	16	128	16
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Field 1 - Active Video - Repeat for 288 (240) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	157	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	128	240	41	110	41
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Field 1 - Second Vertical Blanking (Bottom) - Repeat for 2 (3) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	182	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	171	128	16	128	16
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Field 2 - First Vertical Blanking (Top) - Repeat for 23 (20) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	241	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	236	128	16	128	16
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Field 2 - Active Video - Repeat for 288 (240) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	218	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	199	240	41	110	41
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Field 2 - Second Vertical Blanking (Bottom) - Repeat for 2 (3) lines
EAV Code				Blanking Video				SAV Code				Active Video
255	0	0	241	128	16	128	16	255	0	0	236	128	16	128	16
Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 70 (67) times				Repeat 1 (1) time				Repeat 360 (360) times

Colour Bars

When developing video solutions the first port of call is usually the colour bar test pattern. This is constructed from equal width vertical stripes of white, yellow, cyan, green, magenta, red, blue and black. Converting these colours from RGB to YCbCr is a very simple process of using the above formulae, the end results are shown below: -

	RGB Colour Bars			YCbCr Colour Bars
	R	G	B	Y	Cb	Cr
White	255	255	255	235	128	128
Yellow	255	255	0	210	16	146
Cyan	0	255	255	170	166	16
Green	0	255	0	145	54	34
Magenta	255	0	255	107	202	222
Red	255	0	0	82	90	240
Blue	0	0	255	41	240	110
Black	0	0	0	16	128	128

To create a colour bar test screen, a simple substitution is required in the complete picture example. This is performed on the Field 1 and Field 2 Active Video lines, during the Active Video portion of the line. Instead of the repeated sequence of 240, 41, 110, 41 the following sequence is used: -

White				Yellow				Cyan				Green
128	235	128	235	16	210	146	210	166	170	16	170	54	145	34	145
Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times

Magenta				Red				Blue				Black
202	107	222	107	90	82	240	82	240	41	110	41	128	16	128	16
Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times				Repeat 45 times