Linux基础命令－文件与目录

ENV:

[test@centos7 ~]$ uname -r
3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
[test@centos7 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611 (Core) 

 Linux的学习，永远都是命令为基础，要想更好的操作linux系统，就要熟知基础操作命令，牢记并熟练使用命令，习惯命令linux的命令行（terminal）

命令为基础，把学的用的命令都整理一遍，做进一步的复习（man文档很强大）。

Fri 17 May 2019 01:41:44 PM CST 

文件与目录管理

一、文件与目录基本操作
1.ls
    NAME  
        ls - list directory contents
	Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		-a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .
		-d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents
		-i, --inode
              print the index number of each file
		 -l     use a long listing format
2.cd
	NAME	
		cd dir Change  the  current directory to dir
	Usage: cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]
3.cp
	NAME
		cp - copy files and directories
	Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
      	   cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
		   cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-R, -r, --recursive
              copy directories recursively
		 -u, --update
              copy only when the SOURCE file is  newer  than  the  destination
              file or when the destination file is missing
4.mv
	NAME
		mv - move (rename) files
	Usage: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
           mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
     	   mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
	DESCRIPTION
		 -f, --force
              do not prompt before overwriting
		 -u, --update
              move  only  when  the  SOURCE file is newer than the destination
              file or when the destination file is missing
5.pwd
	NAME
		pwd - print name of current/working directory
	Usage: pwd [OPTION]...
6.rm
	NAME
		rm - remove files or directories
	Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-f, --force
              ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt
		-r, -R, --recursive
              remove directories and their contents recursively
7.mkdir
	NAME
		mkdir - make directories
	Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
	DESCRIPTION
		-p, --parents
              no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
8.rmdir
	NAME
		rmdir - remove empty directories
	Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
	DESCRIPTION
		-p, --parents
              remove  DIRECTORY  and  its ancestors
9.cat
	NAME
		cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output
	Usage: cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10.touch
	NAME
		touch - change file timestamps
	Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-d, --date=STRING
              parse STRING and use it instead of current time
		--time=WORD
              change the specified time
11.ln
	NAME
		ln - make links between files
	Usage: ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME   (1st form)
           ln [OPTION]... TARGET                  (2nd form)
     	   ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY     (3rd form)
     	   ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET...  (4th form)
	DESCRIPTION
		-L, --logical
              dereference TARGETs that are symbolic links
		-s, --symbolic
              make symbolic links instead of hard links
12.dd
	NAME
		dd - convert and copy a file
	Usage: dd [OPERAND]...
           dd OPTION
	DESCRIPTION
		bs=BYTES
              read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time
		count=N
              copy only N input blocks
		if=FILE
              read from FILE instead of stdin
		of=FILE
              write to FILE instead of stdout
		seek=N skip N obs-sized blocks at start of output
		skip=N skip N ibs-sized blocks at start of input
13.rename
	NAME
		rename - rename files
	Usage: rename [options] expression replacement file...

二、文件查看、权限与属性
1.more
	NAME
		more - file perusal filter for crt viewing
	Usage: more [options] file [...]
2.less
	NAME
		less - opposite of more
	Usage: less -?
      	   less --help
     	   less -V
     	   less --version
     	   less [-[+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~]
       	        [-b space] [-h lines] [-j line] [-k keyfile]
                [-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-P prompt] [-t tag]
        	    [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z] lines]
         	    [-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]...
       (See  the  OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option
       names.)
3.head
	NAME
		head - output the first part of files
	Usage: head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
4.tail
	NAME
		tail - output the last part of files
	Usage: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		-n, --lines=K
              output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
              output starting with the Kth
		-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
              output appended data as the file grows;
5.cut
	NAME
		cut - remove sections from each line of files
	Usage: cut OPTION... [FILE]...
	
6.stat
	NAME
		stat - display file or file system status
	Usage: stat [OPTION]... FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-f, --file-system
              display file system status instead of file status
7.chown
	NAME
		chown - change file owner and group
	Usage: chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
      	  chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-f, --silent, --quiet
              suppress most error messages
		-R, --recursive
              operate on files and directories recursively
8.chgrp
	NAME
		chgrp - change group ownership
	Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
      	  chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		-f, --silent, --quiet
              suppress most error messages
		-R, --recursive
              operate on files and directories recursively
9.chmod
	NAME
		chmod - change file mode bits
	Usage: chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
      	  chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
     	  chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
	DESCRIPTION
		The  letters  rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users: 
				read(r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x)
		A numeric mode is from one to  four  octal  digits  (0-7),  derived  by
       			adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1
		
10.chattr
	NAME
		chattr - change file attributes on a Linux file system
	Usage: chattr [ -RVf ] [ -v version ] [ mode ] files...
	DESCRIPTION
		The letters 'aAcCdDeijsStTu' select the new attributes for  the  files:
       append only (a), no atime updates (A), compressed (c), no copy on write
       (C), no dump (d), synchronous directory updates (D), extent format (e),
       immutable  (i),  data journalling (j), secure deletion (s), synchronous
       updates (S), no tail-merging (t), top of directory hierarchy  (T),  and
       undeletable (u)
11.whereis
	NAME
		whereis  -  locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
	Usage: whereis [options] [-BMS directory... -f] name...
	DESCRIPTION	
		-b     Search only for binaries.
        -m     Search only for manuals.
        -s     Search only for sources.
        -u     Only show the command names that have unusual entries
12.which
	NAME
		which - shows the full path of (shell) commands
	Usage: which [options] [--] programname [...]
	DESCRIPTION
		--all, -a
           Print all matching executables in PATH, not just the first
		--read-alias, -i
           Read aliases from stdin, reporting matching ones on stdout
13.lsattr
	NAME
		lsattr - list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
	Usage: lsattr [ -RVadv ] [ files...  ]
	DESCRIPTION
		-a     List all files in directories, including files that  start  with `.'.
		-d     List  directories  like  other  files, rather than listing their contents.

三、文件查找与比较
1.find
	NAME
		find - search for files in a directory hierarchy		
	Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D debugopts] [-Olevel] [path...] [expression]
	DESCRIPTION
		-depth Process each directory's contents before the  directory  itself.
              The -delete action also implies -depth.
		-maxdepth levels
              Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of direc‐
              tories below the command line arguments
		 Numeric arguments can be specified as
         +n     for greater than n,
         -n     for less than n,
         n      for exactly n.
		-amin n
              File was last accessed n minutes ago.
		-atime n
              File was last accessed n*24 hours ago.
		-cmin n
              File's status was last changed n minutes ago.
		-ctime n
              File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago.
		-group gname
              File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).
		 -size n[cwbkMG]
			  File uses n units of space.
		 -type c
              File is of type c:
				b      block (buffered) special
                c      character (unbuffered) special
                d      directory
                p      named pipe (FIFO)
                f      regular file
                l      symbolic link; 
                s      socket
                D      door (Solaris)
		 -uid n File's numeric user ID is n.
		 -user uname
              File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).
2.grep
	NAME
		grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern
	Usage: grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE...]
      	   grep [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE] [FILE...]
	DESCRIPTION
		-E, --extended-regexp
              Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular  expression
		-F, --fixed-strings, --fixed-regexp
              Interpret  PATTERN  as  a  list  of  fixed strings, separated by
              newlines, any of which is to be matched.
3.cmp
	NAME
		cmp - compare two files byte by byte
	Usage: cmp [OPTION]... FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]
	DESCRIPTION
		-b, --print-bytes
              print differing bytes
		-s, --quiet, --silent
              suppress all normal output
4.diff
	NAME
		diff - compare files line by line
	Usage: diff [OPTION]... FILES
	DESCRIPTION
		
5.diff3
	NAME
		diff3 - compare three files line by line
	Usage: diff3 [OPTION]... MYFILE OLDFILE YOURFILE
	DESCRIPTION
		-A, --show-all
              output all changes, bracketing conflicts
		
四、文件压缩与解压缩
1.tar
	NAME
		tar - manual page for tar 1.26
	Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		-c, --create
              create a new archive
		-d, --diff, --compare
              find differences between archive and file system
		-t, --list
              list the contents of an archive
		-u, --update
              only append files newer than copy in archive
		-x, --extract, --get
              extract files from an archive
		-C, --directory=DIR
              change to directory DIR
		-j, --bzip2
              filter the archive through bzip2
		-J, --xz
              filter the archive through xz
		-z, --gzip
              filter the archive through gzip
2.gzip
	NAME
		gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
	Usage: gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ]
      	   gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ]
     	   zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ...  ]
	DESCRIPTION
		
3.gunzip
	the same as gzip

4.zip
	NAME
		zip - package and compress (archive) files
	Usage: zip  [-aABcdDeEfFghjklLmoqrRSTuvVwXyz!@$] [--longoption ...]  [-b path]
      		 [-n suffixes] [-t date] [-tt date] [zipfile [file ...]]  [-xi list]
	DESCRIPTION
		add
              Update existing entries and add new files.
		update (-u)
              Update  existing entries if newer on the file system and add new
              files.
5.unzip
	NAME
		unzip - list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
	Usage: unzip  [-Z] [-cflptTuvz[abjnoqsCDKLMUVWX$/:^]] file[.zip] [file(s) ...]
        	  [-x xfile(s) ...] [-d exdir]
	DESCRIPTION

五、其他
1.uniq
	NAME
		uniq - report or omit repeated lines
	Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
	DESCRIPTION
		-c, --count
              prefix lines by the number of occurrences
		-u, --unique
              only print unique lines
2.wc
	NAME
		wc - print newline, word, and byte counts for each file
	Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
     	   wc [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
	DESCRIPTION
		-c, --bytes
              print the byte counts
		-m, --chars
              print the character counts
		-l, --lines
              print the newline counts
		-w, --words
              print the word counts
		
3.sort
	NAME
		sort - sort lines of text files
	Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
      	   sort [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
	DESCRIPTION
		
4.tr
	NAME
		tr - translate or delete characters
	Usage: tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
	DESCRIPTION
		-c, -C, --complement
              use the complement of SET1
		-d, --delete
              delete characters in SET1, do not translat
		
5.tac
	NAME
		tac - concatenate and print files in reverse
	Usage: tac [OPTION]... [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		-b, --before
              attach the separator before instead of after
		
6.paste
	NAME
		paste - merge lines of files
	Usage: paste [OPTION]... [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		
7.pr
	NAME
		pr - convert text files for printing
	Usage: pr [OPTION]... [FILE]...
	DESCRIPTION
		
8.rev
	NAME
		rev - reverse lines of a file or files
	Usage: rev [options] [file ...]
	DESCRIPTION
		
9.ftp
	no used
10.scp
	NAME
		scp — secure copy (remote file copy program)
	Usage: scp [-12346BCpqrv] [-c cipher] [-F ssh_config] [-i identity_file]
       		  [-l limit] [-o ssh_option] [-P port] [-S program]
       		  [[user@]host1:]file1 ... [[user@]host2:]file2
	DESCRIPTION
		-P port
             Specifies the port to connect to on the remote host.
		-r      Recursively copy entire directories.
		-q      Quiet mode: disables the progress meter as well as warning and
             diagnostic messages from ssh(1).