当前版本的限制如下：
1）可选ID3和C4.5两种生成方法；
2）限两类分类问题；
3）属性为离散属性，可以有多个取值。
实现代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Thu Dec 14 19:08:31 2017
@author: 行客Thinker
"""
import numpy as np
class metrics():
"""
不纯度的度量。
"""
@staticmethod
def entropy(P):
"""
计算信息熵。
$$ \text{Ent}(D) = -\sum_{i = 1}^K P_i \log_2{P_i} $$
:param P: 1 * K array，各事件发生的概率
:rerturn I: 信息熵
"""
I = 0
for i in range(P.shape[0]):
if P[i] == 0:
continue
I -= P[i] * np.log2(P[i])
return I
@staticmethod
def gini(P):
"""
计算Gini指数。
$$ \text{Gini}(D) = 1 - \sum_{i = 1}^K P_i^2 $$
:param P: 1 * K array，各事件发生的概率
:rerturn I: Gini指数
"""
I = 1
for i in range(P.shape[0]):
I -= P[i]**2
return I
@classmethod
def info_gain(cls, i_feature, X, Y, range_of_feature,
selected_samples=None, metric=None):
"""
计算信息增益。
$$ \text{Gain}(D, a) = \text{Ent}(D) - \sum_{i = 1}^K \frac{\left |D^i \right |}{\left |D \right |} \text{Ent}\left ( D^i \right ) $$
:param i_feature: 当前选择的特征的索引
:param X: N * M array，数据集，N为样本个数，M为特征个数
:param Y: 1d array，各样本对应的类别标签，{-1, 1}
:param range_of_feature: 1d array，当前选择的特征的值域
:param selected_samples: list，划分到当前节点的各样本的索引
:param metric: func，不纯度的度量，{cls.entropy, cls.gini}
:return delta_I: 利用当前选择的特征进行划分获得的信息增益
:return i_samples_devided: list，每个元素记录划分后，当前选择的特征的一个取值对
应的各样本的索引
"""
if metric is None:
metric = cls.entropy
if selected_samples is None:
selected_samples = [i for i in range(Y.shape[0])]
# 划分前正例和反例的概率
P_0 = np.zeros(2)
# 划分后当前特征每个取值对应的样本中，正例和反例的概率
P = np.zeros([range_of_feature.shape[0], 2])
# 划分后当前特征每个取值对应的样本的索引
i_samples_devided = [[] for i in range(range_of_feature.shape[0])]
for i in range(len(selected_samples)):
if Y[selected_samples[i]] == 1:
P_0[0] += 1
for j in range(range_of_feature.shape[0]):
if X[selected_samples[i]][i_feature] == range_of_feature[j]:
P[j][0] += 1
i_samples_devided[j].append(selected_samples[i])
break
elif Y[selected_samples[i]] == -1:
P_0[1] += 1
for j in range(range_of_feature.shape[0]):
if X[selected_samples[i]][i_feature] == range_of_feature[j]:
P[j][1] += 1
i_samples_devided[j].append(selected_samples[i])
break
P_0 /= len(selected_samples)
# 当前节点划分之前的不纯度
I_0 = metric(P_0)
I = np.empty(range_of_feature.shape[0])
w = np.empty(range_of_feature.shape[0])
for i in range(range_of_feature.shape[0]):
# 当前特征的当前取值对应的样本个数 / 样本总个数
w[i] = np.sum(P[i, :]) / len(selected_samples)
# 划分后当前特征的当前取值对应的样本中，正例和反例的概率
P[i, :] /= np.sum(P[i, :])
# 划分后当前特征的当前取值对应的不纯度
I[i] = metric(P[i, :].reshape(-1))
# 信息增益
delta_I = I_0 - np.dot(w, I)
return delta_I, i_samples_devided
@classmethod
def gain_ratio(cls, i_feature, X, Y, range_of_feature,
selected_samples=None, metric=None):
"""
计算信息增益率。
$$ \text{Gain_ratio}(D, a) = \frac{\text{Gain}(D, a)}{\text{IV}(a)} $$
:param i_feature: 当前选择的特征的索引
:param X: N * M array，数据集，N为样本个数，M为特征个数
:param Y: 1d array，各样本对应的类别标签，{-1, 1}
:param range_of_feature: 1d array，当前选择的特征的值域
:param selected_samples: list，划分到当前节点的各样本的索引
:param metric: func，不纯度的度量，{cls.entropy, cls.gini}
:return delta_I_r: 利用当前选择的特征进行划分获得的信息增益率
:return i_samples_devided: list，每个元素记录划分后，当前选择的特征的一个取值对
应的各样本的索引
"""
# 计算信息增益
delta_I, i_samples_devided = cls.info_gain(i_feature, X, Y,
range_of_feature,
selected_samples, metric)
# 计算分裂信息
# $$ \text{IV}(a) = -\sum_{i = 1}^K \frac{\left | D^i \right |}{\left | D \right |} \log_2{\frac{\left | D^i \right |}{\left | D \right |}} $$
I_v = np.array([len(i_samples_devided[i]) \
for i in range(len(i_samples_devided))])
I_v = I_v / np.sum(I_v)
I_v = -np.dot(I_v, np.log2(I_v))
# 计算信息增益率
delta_I_r = delta_I / I_v
return delta_I_r, i_samples_devided
class decision_tree_node():
"""
决策树的一个节点。
"""
def __init__(self, method="id3"):
# 决策树生成算法
# {"id3", "c4dot5"}
self.method = method
# 当前节点的类型
# -1: 初始值
# 0: 根节点
# > 0: 枝节点或叶节点，数值代表节点的深度
self.type = -1
# 从当前节点划分出的各分支节点
self.branches = []
# 当前节点的父节点
self.parent = None
# 当前节点所在决策树的根节点
self.root = None
# 在根节点上保留各特征的值域
self.range_of_features = []
# 当前节点可选特征的索引
self.candidate_features = []
# 当前节点选择进行划分的特征的索引
self.selected_feature = -1
# 划分到当前节点的样本的索引
self.index_of_samples = []
# 当前节点（为叶节点时）的决策
self.decision = None
# 对新样本做出的预测
self.prediction = None
def is_root(self):
"""
判断当前节点是否为根节点。
:return (bool):
"""
if self.type == 0:
return True
elif self.type > 0:
return False
def is_leaf(self):
"""
判断当前节点是否为叶节点。
:return (bool):
"""
if (self.type > 0) and (len(self.branches) == 0):
return True
else:
return False
def is_branch(self):
"""
判断当前节点是否为枝节点。
:return (bool):
"""
if (self.type > 0) and (len(self.branches) > 0):
return True
else:
return False
def set_root(self, root):
"""
设定当前节点所在决策树的根节点。
:param root: 当前决策树的根节点
"""
self.root = root
return None
def set_depth(self, depth=0):
"""
设定当前节点的深度。
:param depth: 节点的深度
"""
self.type = depth
return None
def set_parent(self, parent):
"""
设定当前节点的父节点。
:param parent: 父节点
"""
self.parent = parent
return None
def _stop_growing(self, Y):
"""
检查是否需在当前节点上继续划分。
:param Y: 1d array，各样本对应的类别标签
:return (bool):
"""
# 当前节点正例和反例的个数
n_pos, n_neg = 0, 0
for i, i_sample in enumerate(self.index_of_samples):
if Y[i_sample] == 1:
n_pos += 1
elif Y[i_sample] == -1:
n_neg += 1
# 当前节点全为正例
if n_pos > 0 and n_neg == 0:
self.decision = 1
return True
# 当前节点全为反例
if n_pos == 0 and n_neg > 0:
self.decision = -1
return True
# 当前节点可选特征个数为0
if len(self.candidate_features) == 0:
if n_pos + n_neg > 0:
if n_pos >= n_neg:
self.decision = 1
else:
self.decision = -1
return True
# 当前节点样本个数为0
if n_pos == 0 and n_neg == 0:
# FIXME: 不能给出决策
return True
return False
def _select_feature(self, X, Y, range_of_features, selected_samples=None):
"""
从当前节点可选特征中选择使得信息增益最大的特征。
:param X: N * M array，数据集，N为样本个数，M为特征个数
:param Y: 1d array，各样本对应的类别标签，{-1, 1}
:param range_of_features: list，各特征的值域
:param selected_samples: list，当前节点样本的索引
:return i_selected_feature: 选定的特征的索引
:return samples_devided: list，各元素也为list，记录利用选定的特征划分后，
进入各分支的样本的索引
"""
# 利用各特征进行划分获得的信息增益
delta_I = np.empty(len(self.candidate_features))
# 利用各特征进行划分后，进入各分支的样本的索引
i_devided_samples = [[] for i in range(len(self.candidate_features))]
for i in range(len(self.candidate_features)):
# 计算利用当前特征进行划分获得的信息增益
delta_I[i], i_devided_samples[i] = metrics.info_gain( \
self.candidate_features[i], X, Y,
range_of_features[self.candidate_features[i]],
selected_samples)
# 当前选用ID3方法
if self.method is "id3":
# 选择获得信息增益最大的特征
i_selected_feature = self.candidate_features[np.argmax(delta_I)]
samples_devided = i_devided_samples[np.argmax(delta_I)]
# 当前选用C4.5方法
elif self.method is "c4dot5":
# 利用各特征进行划分获得的信息增益率
delta_I_v = np.zeros(len(self.candidate_features))
# 平均信息增益
mean_delta_I = np.mean(delta_I)
for i in range(len(self.candidate_features)):
# 从信息增益高于平均水平的特征中，选择使得信息增益率最高的特征
if delta_I[i] >= mean_delta_I:
# 计算利用当前特征进行划分获得的信息增益率
delta_I_v[i], i_devided_samples[i] = metrics.gain_ratio( \
self.candidate_features[i], X, Y,
range_of_features[self.candidate_features[i]],
selected_samples)
i_selected_feature = self.candidate_features[np.argmax(delta_I_v)]
samples_devided = i_devided_samples[np.argmax(delta_I_v)]
return i_selected_feature, samples_devided
def train(self, X, Y, range_of_features,
index_of_samples=None, candidate_features=None):
"""
从当前节点继续进行训练。
:param X: N * M array，数据集，N为样本个数，M为特征个数
:param Y: 1d array，各样本对应的类别标签，{-1, 1}
:param range_of_features: list，各特征的值域
:param index_of_samples: list，当前节点样本的索引
:param candidate_features: list，当前节点可选特征的索引
"""
# 将当前节点作为根节点
if self.type == -1:
self.type = 0
self.root = self
self.range_of_features = range_of_features
# 划分到当前节点的样本的索引
if index_of_samples is None:
index_of_samples = [i for i in range(Y.shape[0])]
self.index_of_samples = index_of_samples
# 当前节点可选特征的索引
if candidate_features is None:
candidate_features = [i for i in range(len(range_of_features))]
self.candidate_features = candidate_features
# 检查是否需要对当前节点继续划分
if self._stop_growing(Y):
return None
# 选择使得信息增益最大的特征
self.selected_feature, samples_devided = \
self._select_feature(X, Y, range_of_features, index_of_samples)
# 当前节点的子节点的可选特征的索引
candidate_features_for_child_node = []
for i, i_feature in enumerate(self.candidate_features):
if i_feature != self.selected_feature:
candidate_features_for_child_node.append(i_feature)
elif i_feature == self.selected_feature:
continue
# 利用所选的特征从当前节点继续进行划分
for i in range(range_of_features[self.selected_feature].shape[0]):
# 实例化新的子节点
new_child_node = decision_tree_node(method=self.method)
# 当前节点为每个子节点的父节点
new_child_node.set_parent(self)
# 为子节点设置根节点
new_child_node.set_root(self.root)
# 每个子节点为当前节点的分支
self.branches.append(new_child_node)
# 设定子节点的深度
new_child_node.set_depth(self.type + 1)
# 继续训练子节点
new_child_node.train(X, Y, range_of_features, samples_devided[i],
candidate_features_for_child_node)
return None
def predict(self, x):
"""
对当前输入样本的类别进行预测。
:param x: 1d array，预测样本
:return self.prediction: 预测结果，由根节点返回
"""
# 当前节点为叶节点，将决策赋给根节点
if self.is_leaf():
self.root.prediction = self.decision
return None
# 当前节点不是叶节点
else:
# 根据当前节点所选的特征，进入对应的枝节点继续进行决策
for i in range( \
self.root.range_of_features[self.selected_feature].shape[0]):
if x[self.selected_feature] == \
self.root.range_of_features[self.selected_feature][i]:
self.branches[i].predict(x)
break
# 由根节点返回预测结果
if self.is_root():
return self.prediction
return None
def traverse(self, index=0):
"""
遍历决策树。
:param index: 当前节点在其父节点所有分支中的索引
"""
print("\t" * self.type, end="")
print("--------------------")
print("\t" * self.type, end="(")
print(self.type, end=", ")
print(index, end=") ")
if self.is_root():
print("Root Node", end="\n\n")
print("\t" * self.type, end="")
print("Selected Feature: ", end="")
print(self.selected_feature)
elif self.is_branch():
print("Branch Node", end="\n\n")
print("\t" * self.type, end="")
print("Selected Feature: ", end="")
print(self.selected_feature)
elif self.is_leaf():
print("Leaf Node", end="\n\n")
print("\t" * self.type, end="")
print("Decision: ", end="")
print(self.decision)
print("\t" * self.type, end="")
print("^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^")
for i in range(len(self.branches)):
self.branches[i].traverse(i)
return None
测试用例为张学工《模式识别（第三版）》决策树章节的例子，具体如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Thu Dec 14 23:21:18 2017
@author: 行客Thinker
"""
import numpy as np
from decision_tree import *
X = np.array([
[0, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 2],
[1, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 2],
[1, 0, 1],
[0, 0, 2],
[1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0],
[1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 0]])
Y = np.array([
-1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
1,
1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
-1,
1,
1,
-1])
range_of_features = [
np.array([0, 1]),
np.array([0, 1]),
np.array([0, 1, 2])]
Decision_Tree = decision_tree_node()
Decision_Tree.train(X, Y, range_of_features)
Decision_Tree.traverse()
x = np.array([1, 1, 0])
y = Decision_Tree.predict(x)
运行结果如下：
--------------------
(0, 0) Root Node
Selected Feature: 1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(1, 0) Branch Node
Selected Feature: 0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(2, 0) Leaf Node
Decision: -1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(2, 1) Leaf Node
Decision: 1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(1, 1) Branch Node
Selected Feature: 2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(2, 0) Leaf Node
Decision: -1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(2, 1) Leaf Node
Decision: -1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
--------------------
(2, 2) Leaf Node
Decision: 1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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