本题来自左神《程序员代码面试指南》“二叉树的序列化和反序列化”题目。
题目
二叉树被记录成文件的过程叫作二叉树的序列化，通过文件内容重建原来二叉树的过程叫作二叉树的反序列化。给定一棵二叉树的头节点head，已知二叉树节点值的类型为32 位整型。请设计一种二叉树序列化和反序列化的方案，并用代码实现。
题解
本文提供两套序列化和反序列化的实现，供读者参考。
方法一：通过先序遍历实现序列化和反序列化。
先介绍先序遍历下的序列化过程，首先假设序列化的结果字符串为str，初始时str=""。先序遍历二叉树，如果遇到null 节点，就在str 的末尾加上“#!”，“#”表示这个节点为空，节点值不存在，“!”表示一个值的结束；如果遇到不为空的节点，假设节点值为3，就在str 的末尾加上“3!”。比如，如图3-6 所示的二叉树。
根据上文的描述，先序遍历序列化，最后的结果字符串str 为：12!3!#!#!#!。为什么要在每个节点值的后面都要加上“!”呢？因为，如果不标记一个值的结束，那么最后产生的结果会有歧义，如图3-7 所示。
如果不在一个值结束时加入特殊字符，那么图3-6 和图3-7 的先序遍历序列化结果都是123###。也就是说，生成的字符串并不代表唯一的树。
先序遍历序列化的全部过程请参看如下代码中的serialByPre 方法。
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static String serialByPre(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return "#!";
}
String res = head.value + "!";
res += serialByPre(head.left);
res += serialByPre(head.right);
return res;
}
public static Node reconByPreString(String preStr) {
String[] values = preStr.split("!");
Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i != values.length; i++) {
queue.offer(values[i]);
}
return reconPreOrder(queue);
}
public static Node reconPreOrder(Queue<String> queue) {
String value = queue.poll();
if (value.equals("#")) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node(Integer.valueOf(value));
head.left = reconPreOrder(queue);
head.right = reconPreOrder(queue);
return head;
}
方法二：通过层遍历实现序列化和反序列化。
先介绍层遍历下的序列化过程。首先假设序列化的结果字符串为str，初始时str=“空”。然后实现二叉树的按层遍历，具体方式是利用队列结构，这也是宽度遍历图的常见方式。例如，图3-8 所示的二叉树。
按层遍历图3-8 所示的二叉树，最后str="1!2!3!4!#!#!5!#!#!#!#! "。
层遍历序列化的全部过程请参看如下代码中的serialByLevel 方法。
public static String serialByLevel(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return "#!";
}
String res = head.value + "!";
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
queue.offer(head);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
head = queue.poll();
if (head.left != null) {
res += head.left.value + "!";
queue.offer(head.left);
} else {
res += "#!";
}
if (head.right != null) {
res += head.right.value + "!";
queue.offer(head.right);
} else {
res += "#!";
}
}
return res;
}
先序遍历的反序列化其实就是重做先序遍历，遇到"#“就生成null 节点，结束生成后续子树的过程。与根据先序遍历的反序列化过程一样，根据层遍历的反序列化是重做层遍历，遇到”#"就生成null 节点，同时不把null 节点放到队列里即可。
层遍历反序列化的全部过程请参看如下代码中的 reconByLevelString 方法。
public static Node reconByLevelString(String levelStr) {
String[] values = levelStr.split("!");
int index = 0;
Node head = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
if (head != null) {
queue.offer(head);
}
Node node = null;
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
node = queue.poll();
node.left = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
node.right = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
if (node.left != null) {
queue.offer(node.left);
}
if (node.right != null) {
queue.offer(node.right);
}
}
return head;
}
public static Node generateNodeByString(String val) {
if (val.equals("#")) {
return null;
}
return new Node(Integer.valueOf(val));
}
附：完整代码
package chapter_3_binarytreeproblem;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
public class Problem_04_SerializeAndReconstructTree {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static String serialByPre(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return "#!";
}
String res = head.value + "!";
res += serialByPre(head.left);
res += serialByPre(head.right);
return res;
}
public static Node reconByPreString(String preStr) {
String[] values = preStr.split("!");
Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i != values.length; i++) {
queue.offer(values[i]);
}
return reconPreOrder(queue);
}
public static Node reconPreOrder(Queue<String> queue) {
String value = queue.poll();
if (value.equals("#")) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node(Integer.valueOf(value));
head.left = reconPreOrder(queue);
head.right = reconPreOrder(queue);
return head;
}
public static String serialByLevel(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return "#!";
}
String res = head.value + "!";
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
queue.offer(head);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
head = queue.poll();
if (head.left != null) {
res += head.left.value + "!";
queue.offer(head.left);
} else {
res += "#!";
}
if (head.right != null) {
res += head.right.value + "!";
queue.offer(head.right);
} else {
res += "#!";
}
}
return res;
}
public static Node reconByLevelString(String levelStr) {
String[] values = levelStr.split("!");
int index = 0;
Node head = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
if (head != null) {
queue.offer(head);
}
Node node = null;
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
node = queue.poll();
node.left = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
node.right = generateNodeByString(values[index++]);
if (node.left != null) {
queue.offer(node.left);
}
if (node.right != null) {
queue.offer(node.right);
}
}
return head;
}
public static Node generateNodeByString(String val) {
if (val.equals("#")) {
return null;
}
return new Node(Integer.valueOf(val));
}
// for test -- print tree
public static void printTree(Node head) {
System.out.println("Binary Tree:");
printInOrder(head, 0, "H", 17);
System.out.println();
}
public static void printInOrder(Node head, int height, String to, int len) {
if (head == null) {
return;
}
printInOrder(head.right, height + 1, "v", len);
String val = to + head.value + to;
int lenM = val.length();
int lenL = (len - lenM) / 2;
int lenR = len - lenM - lenL;
val = getSpace(lenL) + val + getSpace(lenR);
System.out.println(getSpace(height * len) + val);
printInOrder(head.left, height + 1, "^", len);
}
public static String getSpace(int num) {
String space = " ";
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer("");
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
buf.append(space);
}
return buf.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Node head = null;
printTree(head);
String pre = serialByPre(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by pre-order: " + pre);
head = reconByPreString(pre);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by pre-order, ");
printTree(head);
String level = serialByLevel(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by level: " + level);
head = reconByLevelString(level);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by level, ");
printTree(head);
System.out.println("====================================");
head = new Node(1);
printTree(head);
pre = serialByPre(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by pre-order: " + pre);
head = reconByPreString(pre);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by pre-order, ");
printTree(head);
level = serialByLevel(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by level: " + level);
head = reconByLevelString(level);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by level, ");
printTree(head);
System.out.println("====================================");
head = new Node(1);
head.left = new Node(2);
head.right = new Node(3);
head.left.left = new Node(4);
head.right.right = new Node(5);
printTree(head);
pre = serialByPre(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by pre-order: " + pre);
head = reconByPreString(pre);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by pre-order, ");
printTree(head);
level = serialByLevel(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by level: " + level);
head = reconByLevelString(level);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by level, ");
printTree(head);
System.out.println("====================================");
head = new Node(100);
head.left = new Node(21);
head.left.left = new Node(37);
head.right = new Node(-42);
head.right.left = new Node(0);
head.right.right = new Node(666);
printTree(head);
pre = serialByPre(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by pre-order: " + pre);
head = reconByPreString(pre);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by pre-order, ");
printTree(head);
level = serialByLevel(head);
System.out.println("serialize tree by level: " + level);
head = reconByLevelString(level);
System.out.print("reconstruct tree by level, ");
printTree(head);
System.out.println("====================================");
}
}
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