Linux的概述

     从Linux决定以开源和自由的方式传播那时起，Linux就注定了要走出一条与众不同的路来。从它的历史也可以看出，Linux不是一个人的结晶，也不是某个公司的成果，它的壮大和完善，融合了无数开发者和爱好者的智慧和心血，他们自愿，无偿，并为此付出艰辛的劳动，靠的是一种精神，一种信仰。

    “我们崇尚自由，并希望按这种方式来生活。”这是Linux爱好者的心声。

    “好的东西应该分享”，Linux之父Linus Torvards的话进一步阐述了这种思想。Linus不希望Linux走传统商业化道路，他希望Linux能被自由的传播和学习，能成为全人类的财富。

    牛顿曾说：“我之所以看的远，是因为我站在巨人们的肩上。”这句话与Linux为何开源有着异妙的因果关系，它的诠释正是Linux开源的原因，即思想不应被禁锢。

    正是伴随着这股思想风暴，Linux获得了众多的铁杆支持者，喜爱它的人也越来越多。这促使了Linux迅速的发展和壮大。

    1991年9月17日，Linus发布了Linux的第一个内核版本：0.01版。

    1991年10月，11月，Linus Torvalds又陆续发布了0.02和0.03版。

    从1992年年初开始，越来越多的人开始转向Linux，使用者的数量开始飞速增长。

    同年五月，第一个带图形用户界面的内核版本0.95版问世。

    1994年5月，内核1.0版本正式发布，Linux开始腾飞。

    与此同时，各种基于内核的发行版本也相继出现。

    ……

    到现在，短短的十多年间，Linux获得的超乎寻常的发展，以及与日俱增的影响力连Linus本人当初也是没有料到的。可见，自由的力量有多大。

    Linux的发展是伴随着开源社区的发展的，曾一度，Linux的发展被当作开源社区的发展，Linux也成了开源的代名词。现在，伴随着开源向各个领域的推进，Linux已很难再涵盖其全部，但这并不影响Linux在开源社区的地位和分量，再加上IBM，SUN，Oracle等国际性软件提供商和服务商的加入，全世界开发者的不断改进，Linux被不断完善和优化，功能也不断得到加强。

    Linux发展的另一个重要方面来自于众多Linux厂商的支持，像RedHat，SuSE, Debian，Ubuntu等，他们对开源和Linux的推广以及对开源之路商业模式的探索，做了大量而又艰苦的前期性工作，而这些对Linux和整个开源社区的发展都起了至关重要的作用。

    现在，Linux的产品已进入很多领域并开始产生或已经产生影响，服务器，游戏制作，桌面机，嵌入式等等，几乎无处不见Linux的身影。因为Linux能在广泛的硬件平台上良好的运行，因而它能被广泛的部署，再加上越来越多的开发商和组织也开始开发基于Linux平台的产品和提供Linux平台的服务，随着产品线的扩充和完善， Linux在这些领域不断得到发展，其重要性也不断提高。

    微软开始感到害怕了，这是正常的，自由的枷锁第一次被这么完全和彻底的释放。微软之前对开源的不屑，认为Linux的作用是有限的，影响力也是有限的，它只不过是一群黑客的娱乐而已。而现在，我们可以看到，Linux已不再是想象中的与微软开战，而是事实上已经与微软开战了。多年来，在残酷的商业世界里，微软一一摆平诸多强大的对手。但是，这股完全来自民间的力量却让微软无所适从。因为，所有的原有商业规则都不起作用了，微软的市场权力突然失效。而Linux对微软的影响，就是将从根基上颠覆以Windows为代表的封闭式软件产权的传统商业模式。

    微软内部报告承认：以Linux为代表的自由软件在短期上，已经对微软的收入构成威胁。而长期来说，这种自由交流思想的开发模式将极大地打击微软。

    而在很多领域的应用资料和测试报告也都表明，Linux在某些性能方面已经接近Windows系列的产品，有些方面甚至超过了后者。更主要的是，它是免费的。

    现在，开源和Linux的商业模式正在逐步走向完善。对于Linux的未来，人们也是充满着想象的。挑战微软的霸权和垄断，将人们从低级的提供软件产品转向高级的提供软件服务和技术支持，肩负着一系列重要使命和责任的Linux被赋予了太多的关注和期待，路也许还很远，还很艰难，但我们相信，随着Linux的成长，自由思想的进一步传播，Linux将越来越深入人心，并最终撑起软件业一片新的蓝天。

 

附录：英文文档

Summary

                               Translator:JuiceDD

    Linux is decided to spread in the way of Open-Source and free .From then on, Linux itself is considered to be so unique and special. From its history, we may see, Linux is not a diamond of one guy, nor is it the outcome of a single company, Its growth and improvement go with the wisdom and efforts of numbers of Linux-fans. They  work hard and voluntarily, demanding nothing. It is a kind of great spirit and strong belief.

    "We are eager for freedom, and hope that we can live freely. "This is the voice of Linux enthusiasts.

    "Good things should be shared," Linux’s father--- Linus Torvards elaborated this thinking further. Linus do not want Linux grow in the traditional commercial way. He hoped that Linux could be spreaded and learned freely, becoming the wealth of every.

    Newton ever said : "I can see farther,only because I ‘m standing on the shoulders of giants. " The words have a causal relationship with the reason why  Linux become Open-Source.It is the interpretation of Open-Source.Also it voices that: thinking should not be detained.

    Accompanying  with this ideological turmoil, Linux wins numbers of loyal supporters who love it more and more. This prompts the rapid development of Linux and make it stronger.

    September 17, 1991, Linus released the first Linux kernel Version : 0.01 version.

    In October and November 1991,  Linus Torvalds  released  Linux version 0.02 and 0.03.

    From the beginning of 1992, more and more people began to use Linux, the number of users raised rapidly.

    In May of the same year, the Linux Kernel Version 0.95 with graphical interface was done and released.

    In May 1994, the Linux Kernel Version 1.0 was officially released, Linux becomes more and more popular.

    Meanwhile, the kernel-based release also has emerged. ...

    So far, just 10 years, Linux gets extraordinary development and the growing influence that Linus never expected.What a miracle of freedom!

    Linux developed with the development of the Open-Source community, Even more, Linux represented the all Open-Source community, becoming a synonym. Now, with the development of Open-Source software in various fields, it is difficult for Linux has  to cover all Open-Source software. But it does not affect the Linux’s  position and weight in the Open-Source community. To the addtion, IBM, SUN, Oracle and other international providers of software and services all joined in the group to develop Linux. Thus,Linux has been constantly improving and optimizing.Moreover, its function is also strengthed timely.

    Another reason for Linux’s development comes from the support of  many Linux-Manufacturers, like RedHat, SuSE, Debian, Ubuntu,etc. They did a lot of hard preparatory work  to the promotion of Linux and the exploration of business model of Open-Source. They play a crucial role in the Linux’s and the entire Open-Source community’s development.

    Nowadays, Linux products have entered many fields and start to create an impact on the server, game production, desktop machine, embedded, and so on. We can find Linux everywhere. For Linux can run well in a wide range of hardware platforms, it can be widely deployed. Addtionally, a growing number of vendors and organizations have also begun to develop Linux-based platform for the products and provide Linux - based service. Along with the expansion of product lines and improved, Linux continued to develop in these areas. Its importance is also rising.

    Microsoft started to feel scared, which is normal: the shackles of freedom  was so full and complete released for the first time. Microsoft take Open-Source software for nothing .Gates surposed that Linux is limited, and its influence is also limited. It is nothing but entertainment only  of a group of hackers. Now, we can see that Linux is no longer going to fight with Microsoft, in fact, it’s fighting. Over the years, in the cruel business world, Microsoft defeated many powerful rivals. However, this power from wild rang get Microsoft confused. Because all of the existing business rules are ineffective. Microsoft's market power suddenly get lost. Linux’s effect on Microsoft , is to destroy the closed software right repesented by Windows and traditional software business model from the foundation.

    Microsoft’s internal report admitted : Linux as the representative of free software in the short term, has posed a threat on Microsoft’s income. And for the long term, this free ideas will greatly against Microsoft.

    Information and test reports in many areas also indicate that Linux in some properties has been nearly Windows family of products. Linux is even better than Microsoft in some areas. More importantly, it is free of charge.

    Now,Open-Source and Linux’s business model is gradually perfected. For the future of Linux, it is also full of imagination. Challengeing Microsoft’s hegemony and monopoly, getting the people out of providing the low-level software products to the providing advanced services and technical support, are the series of important mission and responsibility for Linux to undertake. Perhaps there is still a long way ahead, a very difficult way, but we also believe that with the growth of Linux, the further spreading of freedom, Linux will increasingly deep and eventually open a new gate to software industry.