How to Locate Web Elements with Selenium WebDriver?

In order to write UI tests with Selenium WebDriver you need to be able to identify web page elements fast and in an accurate way. You don’t want to revisit these selectors very often so you must choose the right selector from the beginning.

There are some browser tools that you can use in order to identify web elements in the DOM easier. These are:

  • Firebug for Firefox
  • Google Developer Tools for Chrome
  • Web Inspector for Safari

Selenium WebDriver API supports different possibilities to identify elements: by ID, by CLASS, by NAME, by CSS selector, by XPath, by TAG name. Also you define your custom selector in order to interact with the elements.

It’s always a good practice to assign unique IDs to elements, also names and classes in order to be more usable for automatic UI tests. If that is not possible you’ll need to use advanced or XPath selector to interact with those elements. The most popular selectors are the CSS selectors due to performance and simplicity reasons.

To inspect an element you just have to open the desired web page, right-click the desired element and click on Inspect Element. A new panel will open showing the desired element. Also you can inspect other elements by clicking on the cursor in the top left side of the Developer Tools or Firebug panels and hovering page elements.

Locating Elements with Selenium WebDriver, findElement() method returns and WebElement and findElements() returns a list of WebElements.

1. By ID:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.id("element id"))

2. By CLASS:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.className("element class"))

3. By NAME:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.name("element name"))

4. By TAGNAME:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.tagName("element html tag name"))

5. By CSS Selector:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("css selector"))

6. By Link:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.link("link text"))

7. By XPath:

1
in Java: driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath expression"))

Let’s get a HTML snippet code and see how can we use these Selenium WebDriver selectors in order to identify the desired elements:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
<div class="thumbnail center well well-small text-center">
<h2>Newsletter</h2>
Subscribe to our weekly Newsletter and stay tuned.
<form action="" method="post" name="subscribe"><label for="name">Name: </label>
  <input class="name" id="name" type="text" placeholder="Enter name..." />
  <label for="email">Email: </label> <input class="email" id="email" type="text" placeholder="your@email.com" />
  <input class="btn btn-large" type="submit" value="Subscribe" /></form>
  <a title="first link" href="#link1">First Link</a>
  <a title="second link" href="#link2">Second Link</a>
</div>

Let’s get some WebElements from the above HTML code snippet:

1
WebElement nameInputField = driver.findElement(By.id("name"));

or

1
WebElement nameInputField = driver.findElement(By.className("name"));

or

1
WebElement emailInputField = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));

Locate link elements with findElements() method from the HTML snipped

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
@Test
public void findLinksTest(){
    //Get all the links displayed
    List links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
    assertEquals(2, links.size());
    for(WebElement link : links)
    System.out.print(link.getAttribute("href"));
}

Locate link elements from the HTML snipped:

How to find a link with Selenium WebDriver API by full text:

1
2
WebElement firstLink = driver.findElement(By.linkText("First Link"));
assertEquals("#link1", firstLink.getAttribute("href"))

How to find a link with Selenium WebDriver API by partial text:

1
2
WebElement firstLink = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("First"));
assertEquals("#link1", firstLink.getAttribute("href"))

Locate elements by HTML Tag Name:

1
WebElement subscribeButton = driver.findElement(By.tagName("button"));

Locate elements by CSS Selectors

1
2
WebElement emailInputField =
            driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("form input#email"));

or

1
2
WebElement emailInputField =
            driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input.email"));

or

1
2
WebElement emailInputField =
            driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='submit'][value='Subscribe']"));

Performing partial match on attribute values

1
^= as in input[id^='email'] means Starting with.

 

1
$= as in input[id$='_name'] means Ending with.

 

1
*= as in Input[id*='userName'] means Containing.

Finding elements with XPATH

  • Absolute path
1
2
WebElement userName =
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("html/body/div/form/input"));
  • Relative path
1
WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input"));

Finding elements using index

1
2
WebElement email =
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[3]"));

Finding elements using attributes values with XPath

1
2
WebElement logo =
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("img[@alt='logo']"));

XPATH

1
2
3
starts-with()
 
input[starts-with(@id,'input')]

Starting with:

1
2
3
ends-with()
 
input[ends-with(@id,'_field')]

Ending with:

1
2
3
contains()
 
input[contains(@id,'field')]

Containing

Locating table rows and cells

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
@Test
public void testTable() {
    WebElement simpleTable = driver.findElement(By.id("items"));
 
    //Get all rows
    List rows = simpleTable.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));
    assertEquals(3, rows.size());
 
    //Print data from each row
    for (WebElement row : rows) {
       List cols = row.findElements(By.tagName("td"));
       for (WebElement col : cols) {
          System.out.print(col.getText() + "\t");
       }
    System.out.print();
    }
}

Using jQuery selectors

Locate all the Checkbox which are checked by calling jQuery find() method.
find() method returns elements in array

1
2
List elements =
         (List) js.executeScript("return jQuery.find(':checked')");

Refer: https://loadfocus.com/blog/2013/09/how-to-locate-web-elements-with-selenium-webdriver/
基于bert实现关系三元组抽取python源码+数据集+项目说明.zip基于bert实现关系三元组抽取python源码+数据集+项目说明.zip基于bert实现关系三元组抽取python源码+数据集+项目说明.zip基于bert实现关系三元组抽取python源码+数据集+项目说明.zip基于bert实现关系三元组抽取python源码+数据集+项目说明.zip 个人大四的毕业设计、课程设计、作业、经导师指导并认可通过的高分设计项目,评审平均分达96.5分。主要针对计算机相关专业的正在做毕设的学生和需要项目实战练习的学习者,也可作为课程设计、期末大作业。 [资源说明] 不懂运行,下载完可以私聊问,可远程教学 该资源内项目源码是个人的毕设或者课设、作业,代码都测试ok,都是运行成功后才上传资源,答辩评审平均分达到96.5分,放心下载使用! 1、该资源内项目代码都经过测试运行成功,功能ok的情况下才上传的,请放心下载使用! 2、本项目适合计算机相关专业(如计科、人工智能、通信工程、自动化、电子信息等)的在校学生、老师或者企业员工下载学习,也适合小白学习进阶,当然也可作为毕设项目、课程设计、作业、项目初期立项演示等。 3、如果基础还行,也可在此代码基础上进行修改,以实现其他功能,也可用于毕设、课设、作业等。 下载后请首先打开README.md文件(如有),供学习参考。
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值