一、创建线程池
Executors类,提供了一系列工厂方法用于创先线程池,返回的线程池都实现了ExecutorService接口。
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)
创建固定数目线程的线程池。
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool()
创建一个可缓存的线程池,调用execute 将重用以前构造的线程(如果线程可用)。如果现有线程没有可用的,则创建一个新线程并添加到池中。终止并从缓存中移除那些已有 60 秒钟未被使用的线程。
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()
创建一个单线程化的Executor。
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)
创建一个支持定时及周期性的任务执行的线程池。
java代码
- Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
- Runnable task = new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- System.out.println("task over");
- }
- };
- executor.execute(task);
- executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
- ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = (ScheduledExecutorService) executor;
- scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
二、ExecutorService与生命周期
ExecutorService扩展了Executor并添加了一些生命周期管理的方法。一个Executor的生命周期有三种状态,运行 ,关闭 ,终止 。Executor创建时处于运行状态。当调用ExecutorService.shutdown()后,处于关闭状态,isShutdown()方法返回true。这时,不应该再想Executor中添加任务,所有已添加的任务执行完毕后,Executor处于终止状态,isTerminated()返回true。
如果Executor处于关闭状态,往Executor提交任务会抛出unchecked exception RejectedExecutionException。
三、使用Callable,Future返回结果
Future<V>代表一个异步执行的操作,通过get()方法可以获得操作的结果,如果异步操作还没有完成,则,get()会使当前线程阻塞。FutureTask<V>实现了Future<V>和Runable<V>。Callable代表一个有返回值得操作。
- Callable<Integer> func = new Callable<Integer>(){
- public Integer call() throws Exception {
- System.out.println("inside callable");
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- return new Integer(8);
- }
- };
- FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(func);
- Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
- newThread.start();
- try {
- System.out.println("blocking here");
- Integer result = futureTask.get();
- System.out.println(result);
- } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
- } catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
- }
Callable<Integer> func = new Callable<Integer>(){
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("inside callable");
Thread.sleep(1000);
return new Integer(8);
}
};
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(func);
Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
newThread.start();
try {
System.out.println("blocking here");
Integer result = futureTask.get();
System.out.println(result);
} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
} catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
}
ExecutoreService提供了submit()方法,传递一个Callable,或Runnable,返回Future。如果Executor后台线程池还没有完成Callable的计算,这调用返回Future对象的get()方法,会阻塞直到计算完成。
例子:并行计算数组的和。
- package executorservice;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
- import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
- public class ConcurrentCalculator {
- private ExecutorService exec;
- private int cpuCoreNumber;
- private List<Future<Long>> tasks = new ArrayList<Future<Long>>();
- // 内部类
- class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
- private int[] numbers;
- private int start;
- private int end;
- public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) {
- this.numbers = numbers;
- this.start = start;
- this.end = end;
- }
- public Long call() throws Exception {
- Long sum = 0l;
- for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
- sum += numbers[i];
- }
- return sum;
- }
- }
- public ConcurrentCalculator() {
- cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
- exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
- }
- public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
- // 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
- for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
- int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
- int start = increment * i;
- int end = increment * i + increment;
- if (end > numbers.length)
- end = numbers.length;
- SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
- FutureTask<Long> task = new FutureTask<Long>(subCalc);
- tasks.add(task);
- if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
- exec.submit(task);
- }
- }
- return getResult();
- }
- /**
- * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
- *
- * @return
- */
- public Long getResult() {
- Long result = 0l;
- for (Future<Long> task : tasks) {
- try {
- // 如果计算未完成则阻塞
- Long subSum = task.get();
- result += subSum;
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ExecutionException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- return result;
- }
- public void close() {
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
四、CompletionService
在刚在的例子中,getResult()方法的实现过程中,迭代了FutureTask的数组,如果任务还没有完成则当前线程会阻塞,如果我们希望任意字任务完成后就把其结果加到result中,而不用依次等待每个任务完成,可以使CompletionService。生产者submit()执行的任务。使用者take()已完成的任务,并按照完成这些任务的顺序处理它们的结果 。也就是调用CompletionService的take方法是,会返回按完成顺序放回任务的结果,CompletionService内部维护了一个阻塞队列BlockingQueue,如果没有任务完成,take()方法也会阻塞。修改刚才的例子使用CompletionService:
- public class ConcurrentCalculator2 {
- private ExecutorService exec;
- private CompletionService<Long> completionService;
- private int cpuCoreNumber;
- // 内部类
- class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
- ......
- }
- public ConcurrentCalculator2() {
- cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
- exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
- completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Long>(exec);
- }
- public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
- // 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
- for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
- int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
- int start = increment * i;
- int end = increment * i + increment;
- if (end > numbers.length)
- end = numbers.length;
- SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
- if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
- completionService.submit(subCalc);
- }
- }
- return getResult();
- }
- /**
- * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
- *
- * @return
- */
- public Long getResult() {
- Long result = 0l;
- for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
- try {
- Long subSum = completionService.take().get();
- result += subSum;
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ExecutionException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- return result;
- }
- public void close() {
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* 创建ThreadPool 线程池
* 使用了2个大小的线程池来处理100个线程
* 需要注意的是线程池必须使用shutdown来显式关闭,否则主线程就无法退出。shutdown也不会阻塞主线程
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class ThreadPoolDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
for (int index = 0; index < 100; index++) {
Runnable run = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
long time = (long) (Math.random() * 1000);
System.out.println("Sleeping" + time + "ms");
try {
Thread.sleep(time);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
};
exec.execute(run);
}
// must shutdown
exec.shutdown();
}
}
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
*
* @author Administrator
*许多长时间运行的应用有时候需要定时运行任务完成一些诸如统计、优化等工作,
*比如在电信行业中处理用户话单时,需要每隔1分钟处理话单;
*网站每天凌晨统计用户访问量、用户数;
*大型超时凌晨3点统计当天销售额、以及最热卖的商品;
*每周日进行数据库备份;
*公司每个月的10号计算工资并进行转帐等,这些都是定时任务。
*通过 java的并发库concurrent可以轻松的完成这些任务,而且非常的简单
*/
public class ExecutorScheduledServiceDemo2 {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void main(String[] args) {
final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
final Runnable beeper = new Runnable() {
int count = 0;
public void run() {
System.out.println(new Date() + "beep" + (++count));
}
};
// 1秒钟后运行,并每隔2秒运行一次
final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle = scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(beeper, 1, 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// 2秒钟后运行,并每次在上次任务运行完后等待5秒后重新运行
final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle2 = scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(beeper, 2, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// // 30秒后结束关闭任务,并且关闭Scheduler
scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
beeperHandle.cancel(true);
beeperHandle2.cancel(true);
scheduler.shutdown();
}
}, 30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
}
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* @author Administrator
*在实际应用中,有时候需要多个线程同时工作以完成同一件事情,而且在完成过程中,
*往往会等待其他线程都完成某一阶段后再执行,等所有线程都到达某一个阶段后再统一执行
*
*比如有几个旅行团需要途经深圳、广州、韶关、长沙最后到达武汉。旅行团中有自驾游的,
*有徒步的,有乘坐旅游大巴的;这些旅行团同时出发,
*并且每到一个目的地,都要等待其他旅行团到达此地后再同时出发,直到都到达终点站武汉
*
*这时候CyclicBarrier就可以派上用场。CyclicBarrier最重要的属性就是参与者个数,
*另外最要方法是await()。当所有线程都调用了await()后,就表示这些线程都可以继续执行,否则就会等待
*/
public class CyclicBarrierDemo3 {
// 徒步需要的时间: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, Wuhan
private static int[] timeWalk = { 5, 8, 15, 15, 10 };
// 自驾游
private static int[] timeSelf = { 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 };
// 旅游大巴
private static int[] timeBus = { 2, 4, 6, 6, 7 };
static String now() {
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss");
return sdf.format(new Date()) + ": ";
}
static class Tour implements Runnable {
private int[] times;
private CyclicBarrier barrier;
private String tourName;
public Tour(CyclicBarrier barrier, String tourName, int[] times) {
this.times = times;
this.tourName = tourName;
this.barrier = barrier;
}
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(times[0] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shenzhen");
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[1] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Guangzhou");
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[2] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shaoguan");
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[3] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Changsha");
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[4] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Wuhan");
barrier.await();
} catch(Exception e) {
}
}
}
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
// 三个旅行团
CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3);
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "WalkTour", timeWalk));
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "SelfTour", timeSelf));
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "BusTour", timeBus));
exec.shutdown();
}
}
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* CountDownLatch是一个倒数计数的锁,当倒数到0时触发事件,也就是开锁,其他人就可以进入了。
* 在一些应用场合中,需要等待某个条件达到要求后才能做后面的事情;
* 同时当线程都完成后也会触发事件,以便进行后面的操作
*
* CountDownLatch最重要的方法是countDown()和await(),
* 前者主要是倒数一次,后者是等待倒数到0,如果没有到达 0,就只有阻塞等待了
*
* 一个CountDouwnLatch实例是不能重复使用的,也就是说它是一次性的,锁一经被打开就不能再关闭使用了
*
* 模拟了100米赛跑,10名选手已经准备就绪,只等裁判一声令下。当所有人都到达终点时,比赛结束
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class CountDownLatchDemo4 {
/**
* @param args
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
// 开始的倒数锁
final CountDownLatch begin = new CountDownLatch(2);
// 结束的倒数锁
final CountDownLatch end = new CountDownLatch(10);
// 十名选手
final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++) {
final int NO = index + 1;
Runnable run = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
begin.await();
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
System.out.println("No." + NO + " arrived");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
} finally {
end.countDown();
}
}
};
exec.submit(run);
}
System.out.println("Game Start Ready" );
begin.countDown();
System.out.println("Game start");
begin.countDown();
end.await();
System.out.println("Game Over");
exec.shutdown();
}
}
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
/**
* 有时候在实际应用中,某些操作很耗时,但又不是不可或缺的步骤。比如用网页浏览器浏览新闻时,
* 最重要的是要显示文字内容,至于与新闻相匹配的图片就没有那么重要的,所以此时首先保证文字信息先显示,
* 而图片信息会后显示,但又不能不显示,由于下载图片是一个耗时的操作,所以必须一开始就得下载
*
* Java的并发库的Future类就可以满足这个要求。
* Future的重要方法包括get()和cancel(),get()获取数据对象,
* 如果数据没有加载,就会阻塞直到取到数据,而 cancel()是取消数据加载。
* 另外一个get(timeout)操作,表示如果在timeout时间内没有取到就失败返回,而不再阻塞。
*
*一个非常耗时的操作必须一开始启动,但又不能一直等待;其他重要的事情又必须做,等完成后,就可以做不重要的事情
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class FutureDemo5 {
/**
* @param args
* @throws InterruptedException
* @throws ExecutionException
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
Callable call = new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(1000 * 5);
return "Other less important but longtime things.";
}
};
Future task = exec.submit(call);
// 重要的事情
Thread.sleep(1000 * 3);
System.out.println("Let’s do important things.");
// 其他不重要的事情
String obj = (String) task.get();
System.out.println(obj);
// 关闭线程池
exec.shutdown();
}
}
package com.sunjing.thread.test2;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
/**
* 操作系统的信号量是个很重要的概念,在进程控制方面都有应用。Java并发库的Semaphore可以很轻松完成信号量控制,
* Semaphore 可以控制某个资源可被同时访问的个数,acquire()获取一个许可,
* 如果没有就等待,而release()释放一个许可
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class SemaphoreDemo7 {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
// 只能5个线程同时访问
final Semaphore semp = new Semaphore(5);
// 模拟20个客户端访问
for (int index = 0; index < 20; index++) {
final int NO = index;
Runnable run = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
// 获取许可
semp.acquire();
System.out.println("Accessing: " + NO);
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
// 访问完后,释放
semp.release();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
};
exec.execute(run);
}
// 退出线程池
exec.shutdown();
}
}