2.4 KGQA Subtasks
1. Entity Linking: Entity linking in the context of KGQA is the task of deciding which KG entity is referred to by (a certain phrase in) the NLQ q.Most modern KGQA systems externalize the task of entity linking by employing a standalone entity linking system like DBpedia Spotlight (Mendes et al., 2011)for DBpedia or S-Mart (Yang and Chang, 2016) for Freebase.
2. Identifying Relations: It is essential to determine which relation must be used in a certain part of the logical form. Similarly to entity linking, we need to learn to map natural language expressions to the KG - in this case to its relations. However, unlike in entity linking, where entities are expressed by entity-specific noun phrases, relations are typically expressed by noun and verb phrase patterns that use less specific words.隐式关系
3. Identifying Logical/Numerical Operators: Sometimes questions contain additional operators on intermediate variables/sets.Like entities and relations, identifying such operators is primarily a lexicon learning problem. However, compared to entities and relations, there is a fixed small set of operators, which depends on the chosen formal language and not on the KG.
4. Determining Logical Form Structure: In order to arrive at a concrete logical form, a series of decisions must be made regarding the structure of the logical form。
Question answering often solve a number of these subtasks in a single process. For instance, translation based systems (see Section 4.3) in principle could generate the whole query in a single sequence decoding process, thus solving all subtasks at once. However, in practice, specialized modules can be employed, for example for entity linking, in order to constrain the search space of the main model.
4 Neural Network based KGQA Systems
In this article, we divide the prediction models commonly used in semantic parsing into three major categories, namely: (i) classification, (ii) ranking, and (iii) translation.