【经典算法】老鼠走迷宫问题

老鼠走迷宫问题及其多个变种

一、说明
老鼠走迷宫问题的递归实现,是对递归思想的一种应用。
二、问题描述
给定一个二维数组,数组中2表示墙壁,0表示通路,由此数组可展示为一个迷宫图。给定入口位置和出口位置,判断之间是否存在通路并显示出走出迷宫的道路。
三、源码实现

/****************************************************************************************************** 
 *   function:老鼠走迷宫问题的递归解法,四周只有一个入口点,一个出口点 
 *   author:yahai.zhang 
 *   time: 2018.7.21
 *   File Name:老鼠走迷宫.c
 ******************************************************************************************************/ 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROW_MAX 21
#define COLUMN_MAX 36

int visit(int, int);
int startI = 0, startJ = 1;     // 入口点 
int endI = 20, endJ = 34;       // 出口点 
int success = 0;

int maze[ROW_MAX][COLUMN_MAX] = {
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2}
};

int main(void) {
    printf("==========================BEGIN===========================\n"); 
    int i, j;
    printf("显示迷宫:\n");
    for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
        for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++)
            if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                printf("█");
            else
                printf("  ");
        printf("\n");
    }
    if(visit(startI, startJ) == 0)
        printf("\n没有找到出口!\n");
    else {
        printf("\n显示路径:入口(%d, %d), 出口(%d, %d)\n", startI, startJ, endI, endJ);
        for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
            for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++) {
                if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                    printf("█");
                else if(maze[i][j] == 1)
                    printf("◇");
                else
                    printf("  ");
            }
            printf("\n");
        }
    }
    printf("\n==========================END===========================\n"); 
    return 0;
}
int visit(int i, int j) {
    maze[i][j] = 1;
    if(i == endI && j == endJ)
        success = 1;
    if(success != 1 && maze[i][j+1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j+1);
    if(success != 1 && maze[i+1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i+1, j);
    if(success != 1 && maze[i][j-1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j-1);
    if(success != 1 && maze[i-1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i-1, j);
    if(success != 1)
        maze[i][j] = 0;
    return success;
}

四、运行及结果
这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述
五、程序分析
该老鼠走迷宫主要依靠visit函数的递归实现,但是该实现存在以下几点不足:

  • 迷宫只能存在一个入口和一个出口,否则程序运行出现问题
  • 且入口点必须在边界点
  • 出口点也必须在边界

六、程序改进

/****************************************************************************************************** 
 *   function:老鼠走迷宫问题的递归解法,四周只有多个入口点,多个出口点 
 *   author:yahai.zhang 
 *   time: 2018.7.21
 *   File Name:老鼠走迷宫.c
 ******************************************************************************************************/ 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROW_MAX 21
#define COLUMN_MAX 36

int visit(int, int);
int startI = 0, startJ = 1;     // 入口点 
int endI = 20, endJ = 34;       // 出口点 
int success = 0;

int maze[ROW_MAX][COLUMN_MAX] = {
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2}
};

int main(void) {
    printf("==========================BEGIN===========================\n"); 
    int i, j;
    printf("显示迷宫:\n");
    for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
        for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++)
            if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                printf("█");
            else
                printf("  ");
        printf("\n");
    }
    printf("\n输入起点:");
    scanf("%d %d", &startI, &startJ);
    printf("输入终点:");
    scanf("%d %d", &endI, &endJ);
    if(visit(startI, startJ) == 0)
        printf("\n没有找到出口!\n");
    else {
        printf("\n显示路径:入口(%d%d), 出口(%d%d)\n", startI, startJ, endI, endJ);
        for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
            for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++) {
                if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                    printf("█");
                else if(maze[i][j] == 1)
                    printf("◇");
                else
                    printf("  ");
            }
            printf("\n");
        }
    }
    printf("\n==========================END===========================\n"); 
    return 0;
}
int visit(int i, int j) {
    maze[i][j] = 1;
    if(i == endI && j == endJ)
        success = 1;
    if(success != 1 && j <= endJ && maze[i][j+1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j+1);
    if(success != 1 && i <= endI && maze[i+1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i+1, j);
    if(success != 1 && j >= 0 && maze[i][j-1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j-1);
    if(success != 1 && i >= 0 && maze[i-1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i-1, j);
    if(success != 1)
        maze[i][j] = 0;
    return success;
}

七、运行及结果
这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述
八、分析及改进
改进后,存在以下优点:

  • 迷宫可以存在多个入口和多个出口
  • 且入口点可以随意指定,出口位置随意指定
  • 实现了任意两点的路径规划

在实际情况中,一般不知道出口的位置,所以在程序的运行过程中不该指定出口位置

九、程序改进

仅指定入口地址

/****************************************************************************************************** 
 *   function:老鼠走迷宫问题的递归解法,四周只有多个入口点,多个出口点,仅指定入口地址 
 *   author:yahai.zhang 
 *   time: 2018.7.21
 *   File Name:老鼠走迷宫.c
 ******************************************************************************************************/ 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROW_MAX 21
#define COLUMN_MAX 36

int visit(int, int);
int startI = 0, startJ = 1;     // 入口点 
int endI = 20, endJ = 34;       // 出口点 
int success = 0;

int maze[ROW_MAX][COLUMN_MAX] = {
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2},
    {2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2},
    {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2}
};

int main(void) {
    printf("==========================BEGIN===========================\n"); 
    int i, j;
    printf("显示迷宫:\n");
    for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
        for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++)
            if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                printf("█");
            else
                printf("  ");
        printf("\n");
    }
    printf("\n输入起点:");
    scanf("%d %d", &startI, &startJ);

    if(visit(startI, startJ) == 0)
        printf("\n没有找到出口!\n");
    else {
        printf("\n显示路径:\n");
        for(i = 0; i < ROW_MAX; i++) {
            for(j = 0; j < COLUMN_MAX; j++) {
                if(maze[i][j] == 2)
                    printf("█");
                else if(maze[i][j] == 1)
                    printf("◇");
                else
                    printf("  ");
            }
            printf("\n");
        }
    }

    printf("\n==========================END===========================\n"); 
    return 0;
}
int visit(int i, int j) {
    maze[i][j] = 1;
    if ( i == ROW_MAX || j == COLUMN_MAX)
        success = 1;

    if ((i == endI && j == endJ) )
        success = 1;
    if(success != 1 && j <= endJ && maze[i][j+1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j+1);
    if(success != 1 && i <= endI && maze[i+1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i+1, j);
    if(success != 1 && j >= 0 && maze[i][j-1] == 0) 
        visit(i, j-1);
    if(success != 1 && i >= 0 && maze[i-1][j] == 0) 
        visit(i-1, j);
    if(success != 1)
        maze[i][j] = 0;

    return success;
}

十、运行结果
这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述

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