元类的单例

class Dog(type):
    def __init__(self, class_name, class_bases, class_dic):
        super().__init__(class_name, class_bases, class_dic)
        self.__instance = None  # 定义一个为空对象

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):  # 调用__call__方法
        if not self.__instance:
            instance = object.__new__(self)
            self.__init__(instance, *args, **kwargs)
            self.__instance = instance
        return self.__instance
        # 单例   创建的对象中  有且仅有一个实例


class TuGou(metaclass=Dog):
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def __str__(self):          #调用__str__打印对象
        return '我叫{},今年{}岁'.format(self.name, self.age)


obj1 = TuGou('大花', 2)
obj2 = TuGou('小花', 3)
obj3 = TuGou('二花', 4)
print(obj1)
print(obj2)
print(obj3)
print(obj1 is obj2 is obj3)  # 判断obj1,obj2,obj3三个是否为同一实例
print(obj1 == obj2 == obj3)