适合新手小白的几个练习Python爬虫的实战

经常有新手小白在学习完 Python 的基础知识之后，不知道该如何进一步提升编码水平，那么此时找一些友好的网站来练习爬虫可能是一个比较好的方法，因为高级爬虫本身就需要掌握很多知识点，以爬虫作为切入点，既可以掌握巩固 Python 知识，也可能在未来学习接触到更多其他方面的知识，比如分布式，多线程等等，何乐而不为呢！

下面我们介绍几个非常简单入门的爬虫项目，相信不会再出现那种直接劝退的现象啦！

豆瓣

豆瓣作为国民级网站，在爬虫方面也非常友好，几乎没有设置任何反爬措施，以此网站来练手实在是在适合不过了。

评论爬取

我们以如下地址为例子

❝

https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/

可以看到这里需要进行翻页处理，通过观察发现，评论的URL如下：

https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=0&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=l

每次翻一页，start都会增长20，由此可以写代码如下

`def get_praise():       praise_list = []       for i in range(0, 2000, 20):           url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=h' % str(i)           req = requests.get(url).text           content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")           check_point = content.title.string           if check_point != r"没有访问权限":               comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})               for k in comment:                   praise_list.append(k.string)           else:               break       return` 

使用range函数，步长设置为20，同时通过title等于“没有访问权限”来作为翻页的终点。

下面继续分析评论等级

豆瓣的评论是分为三个等级的，这里分别获取，方便后面的继续分析

`def get_ordinary():       ordinary_list = []       for i in range(0, 2000, 20):           url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=m' % str(i)           req = requests.get(url).text           content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")           check_point = content.title.string           if check_point != r"没有访问权限":               comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})               for k in comment:                   ordinary_list.append(k.string)           else:               break       return       def get_lowest():       lowest_list = []       for i in range(0, 2000, 20):           url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=l' % str(i)           req = requests.get(url).text           content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")           check_point = content.title.string           if check_point != r"没有访问权限":               comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})               for k in comment:                   lowest_list.append(k.string)           else:               break       return` 

其实可以看到，这里的三段区别主要在请求URL那里，分别对应豆瓣的好评，一般和差评。

最后把得到的数据保存到文件里

if __name__ == "__main__":       print("Get Praise Comment")       praise_data = get_praise()       print("Get Ordinary Comment")       ordinary_data = get_ordinary()       print("Get Lowest Comment")       lowest_data = get_lowest()       print("Save Praise Comment")       praise_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['praise_comment'], data=praise_data)       praise_pd.to_csv('praise.csv', encoding='utf-8')       print("Save Ordinary Comment")       ordinary_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['ordinary_comment'], data=ordinary_data)       ordinary_pd.to_csv('ordinary.csv', encoding='utf-8')       print("Save Lowest Comment")       lowest_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['lowest_comment'], data=lowest_data)       lowest_pd.to_csv('lowest.csv', encoding='utf-8')       print("THE END!!!")   

制作词云

这里使用jieba来分词，使用wordcloud库制作词云，还是分成三类，同时去掉了一些干扰词，比如“一部”、“一个”、“故事”和一些其他名词，操作都不是很难，直接上代码

import jieba   import pandas as pd   from wordcloud import WordCloud   import numpy as np   from PIL import Image      font = r'C:\Windows\Fonts\FZSTK.TTF'   STOPWORDS = set(map(str.strip, open('stopwords.txt').readlines()))         def wordcloud_praise():       df = pd.read_csv('praise.csv', usecols=[1])       df_list = df.values.tolist()       comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)       words = ' '.join(comment_after)       img = Image.open('haiwang8.jpg')       img_array = np.array(img)       wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)       wc.generate(words)       wc.to_file('praise.png')         def wordcloud_ordinary():       df = pd.read_csv('ordinary.csv', usecols=[1])       df_list = df.values.tolist()       comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)       words = ' '.join(comment_after)       img = Image.open('haiwang8.jpg')       img_array = np.array(img)       wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)       wc.generate(words)       wc.to_file('ordinary.png')         def wordcloud_lowest():       df = pd.read_csv('lowest.csv', usecols=[1])       df_list = df.values.tolist()       comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)       words = ' '.join(comment_after)       img = Image.open('haiwang7.jpg')       img_array = np.array(img)       wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)       wc.generate(words)       wc.to_file('lowest.png')         if __name__ == "__main__":       print("Save praise wordcloud")       wordcloud_praise()       print("Save ordinary wordcloud")       wordcloud_ordinary()       print("Save lowest wordcloud")       wordcloud_lowest()       print("THE END!!!")   

海报爬取

对于海报的爬取，其实也十分类似，直接给出代码

import requests   import json         def deal_pic(url, name):       pic = requests.get(url)       with open(name + '.jpg', 'wb') as f:           f.write(pic.content)         def get_poster():       for i in range(0, 10000, 20):           url = 'https://movie.douban.com/j/new_search_subjects?sort=U&range=0,10&tags=电影&start=%s&genres=爱情' % i           req = requests.get(url).text           req_dict = json.loads(req)           for j in req_dict['data']:               name = j['title']               poster_url = j['cover']               print(name, poster_url)               deal_pic(poster_url, name)         if __name__ == "__main__":       get_poster()   

烂番茄网站

这是一个国外的电影影评网站，也比较适合新手练习，网址如下

❝

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones

我们就以权力的游戏作为爬取例子

import requests   from bs4 import BeautifulSoup   from pyecharts.charts import Line   import pyecharts.options as opts   from wordcloud import WordCloud   import jieba         baseurl = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com'         def get_total_season_content():       url = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones'       response = requests.get(url).text       content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")       season_list = []       div_list = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'bottom_divider media seasonItem '})       for i in div_list:           suburl = i.find('a')['href']           season = i.find('a').text           rotten = i.find('span', attrs={'class': 'meter-value'}).text           consensus = i.find('div', attrs={'class': 'consensus'}).text.strip()           season_list.append([season, suburl, rotten, consensus])       return season_list         def get_season_content(url):       # url = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones/s08#audience_reviews'       response = requests.get(url).text       content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")       episode_list = []       div_list = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'bottom_divider'})       for i in div_list:           suburl = i.find('a')['href']           fresh = i.find('span', attrs={'class': 'tMeterScore'}).text.strip()           episode_list.append([suburl, fresh])       return episode_list[:5]         mylist = [['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e01', '92%'],             ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e02', '88%'],             ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e03', '74%'],             ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e04', '58%'],             ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e05', '48%'],             ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e06', '49%']]         def get_episode_detail(episode):       # episode = mylist       e_list = []       for i in episode:           url = baseurl + i[0]           # print(url)           response = requests.get(url).text           content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")           critic_consensus = content.find('p', attrs={'class': 'critic_consensus superPageFontColor'}).text.strip().replace(' ', '').replace('\n', '')           review_list_left = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'quote_bubble top_critic pull-left cl '})           review_list_right = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'quote_bubble top_critic pull-right  '})           review_list = []           for i_left in review_list_left:               left_review = i_left.find('div', attrs={'class': 'media-body'}).find('p').text.strip()               review_list.append(left_review)           for i_right in review_list_right:               right_review = i_right.find('div', attrs={'class': 'media-body'}).find('p').text.strip()               review_list.append(right_review)           e_list.append([critic_consensus, review_list])       print(e_list)         if __name__ == '__main__':       total_season_content = get_total_season_content()      

王者英雄网站

我这里选取的是如下网站

❝

http://db.18183.com/

import requests   from bs4 import BeautifulSoup         def get_hero_url():       print('start to get hero urls')       url = 'http://db.18183.com/'       url_list = []       res = requests.get(url + 'wzry').text       content = BeautifulSoup(res, "html.parser")       ul = content.find('ul', attrs={'class': "mod-iconlist"})       hero_url = ul.find_all('a')       for i in hero_url:           url_list.append(i['href'])       print('finish get hero urls')       return url_list         def get_details(url):       print('start to get details')       base_url = 'http://db.18183.com/'       detail_list = []       for i in url:           # print(i)           res = requests.get(base_url + i).text           content = BeautifulSoup(res, "html.parser")           name_box = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'name-box'})           name = name_box.h1.text           hero_attr = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'attr-list'})           attr_star = hero_attr.find_all('span')           survivability = attr_star[0]['class'][1].split('-')[1]           attack_damage = attr_star[1]['class'][1].split('-')[1]           skill_effect = attr_star[2]['class'][1].split('-')[1]           getting_started = attr_star[3]['class'][1].split('-')[1]           details = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'otherinfo-datapanel'})           # print(details)           attrs = details.find_all('p')           attr_list = []           for attr in attrs:               attr_list.append(attr.text.split('：')[1].strip())           detail_list.append([name, survivability, attack_damage,                               skill_effect, getting_started, attr_list])       print('finish get details')       return detail_list         def save_tocsv(details):       print('start save to csv')       with open('all_hero_init_attr_new.csv', 'w', encoding='gb18030') as f:           f.write('英雄名字,生存能力,攻击伤害,技能效果,上手难度,最大生命,最大法力,物理攻击,'                   '法术攻击,物理防御,物理减伤率,法术防御,法术减伤率,移速,物理护甲穿透,法术护甲穿透,攻速加成,暴击几率,'                   '暴击效果,物理吸血,法术吸血,冷却缩减,攻击范围,韧性,生命回复,法力回复\n')           for i in details:               try:                   rowcsv = '{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{}'.format(                       i[0], i[1], i[2], i[3], i[4], i[5][0], i[5][1], i[5][2], i[5][3], i[5][4], i[5][5],                       i[5][6], i[5][7], i[5][8], i[5][9], i[5][10], i[5][11], i[5][12], i[5][13], i[5][14], i[5][15],                       i[5][16], i[5][17], i[5][18], i[5][19], i[5][20]                   )                   f.write(rowcsv)                   f.write('\n')               except:                   continue       print('finish save to csv')         if __name__ == "__main__":       get_hero_url()       hero_url = get_hero_url()       details = get_details(hero_url)       save_tocsv(details)   

好了，今天先分享这三个网站，咱们后面再慢慢分享更多好的练手网站与实战代码！

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