1,关于蓝牙
随着这几年的发展现在越来越多的场景会用到蓝牙技术,最近非常火的共享单车都提供了打开蓝牙快速解锁的功能。它最为近场通信的一种,我们很有必要对它进行下研究和探索。
2,使用蓝牙
上图是手机设置中蓝牙界面。
1,当打开蓝牙时会在通知栏中有蓝牙图表展示
2,加载按钮,点击后取搜寻周围蓝牙设备。
3,打开关闭蓝牙的togglebutton
4,开发检测,关闭后周围蓝牙设备将不会搜索到本设备。
5,蓝牙的名称,一般和手机的名字一样可以自定义设置任意值。
6,接收到的文件,顾名思义我们可以通过蓝牙通信进行交换的文件例如发送一个mp3文件,在这里可以看到这个文件。
7,已配对设备:这里展示的是和本地蓝牙进行过配对的蓝牙设备,在这里通过列表的格式展示出配对设备列表的名字。
8,可用设备:已发现的蓝牙设备的列表,打开蓝牙后,点击2按钮会去搜索周围蓝牙设备,并且将搜索到的设备列表添加到这里。
注:可用设备和已配对设备的关系是,我们搜索到的设备可以进行配对,可能需要输入配对码,配对成功后将该设备加入到已配对的列表中,已配对的设备中,我们可以取消配对,将其从已配对列表中移除。
3,相关类
在Android 中关于蓝牙的类都在android.bluetooth包中,下面对几个常用的类进行概述。
BluetoothAdapter:表示本地的蓝牙适配器,bluetoothAdapter控制着执行蓝牙的基本任务,例如:搜索周围蓝牙设备,获取配对列表,通过一个已知的MAC地址(每个蓝牙设备都有一个唯一的Mac地址)构建BluetoothDevice对象,
并创建一个BluetoothServerSocket从其他设备监听连接请求,并开始一个扫描蓝牙设备。
BluetoothDevice:蓝牙设备类,代表一个远程蓝牙设备。BluetoothDevice允许您创建一个连接与各自的设备或查询相关信息,如蓝牙名字、MAC地址、class和绑定的状态(配对与否)等。
BluetoothServerSocket :这个类的用法非常像java网络编程中ServerSocket,用于监听Bluetooth Socket类。
BluetoothSocket:用法类似于Socket。一个连接上或连接中的Bluetooth Socket类。
4,连接通信过程
蓝牙的版本不一样通信的方式也有所不同,我们将分析两种不同的连接方式:classic类型蓝牙,Ble蓝牙。
classic类型蓝牙通信过程如下
1,•设置权限:
•<uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH"/>
•<uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN"/>
2,打开蓝牙:
- 创建蓝牙适配器对象
BluetoothAdapter=
BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter(),如果返回为空说明此Android设备不支持蓝牙(或者蓝牙模块已经损坏)。
如果你运行在 JELLY_BEAN_MR1以及以下的版本时,直接使用BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter()创建BluetoothAdapter。
如果你运行在 JELLY_BEAN_MR2以及以上的版本时使用如下方法构建:
BluetoothManager manager = getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
BluetoothAdapter adapter = manager.getAdapter();
BluetoothAdapter adapter = manager.getAdapter();
使用BluetoothManager类来帮助构建得到BluetoothAdapter。
- 打开蓝牙
可以直接强制打开蓝牙:
adapter.enable(),需要设置好权限
BLUETOOTH_ADMIN
或者使用系统弹窗请求打开蓝牙:
Intent enableIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(enableIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT);
public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
switch (requestCode) {
case REQUEST_CONNECT_DEVICE_SECURE:
// When DeviceListActivity returns with a device to connect
if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
connectDevice(data, true);
}
break;
case REQUEST_CONNECT_DEVICE_INSECURE:
// When DeviceListActivity returns with a device to connect
if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
connectDevice(data, false);
}
break;
case REQUEST_ENABLE_BT:
// When the request to enable Bluetooth returns
if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
// Bluetooth is now enabled, so set up a chat session
setupChat();
} else {
// User did not enable Bluetooth or an error occurred
Log.d(TAG, "BT not enabled");
Toast.makeText(getActivity(), R.string.bt_not_enabled_leaving,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
getActivity().finish();
}
}
}
注:如果是原生Android系统以上两种方式就是我所说的效果,但是Android系统一般手机厂商定制的比较严重,我们即使使用强制打开蓝牙的
这种方式也有可能需要弹窗,点击允许即可。
- 搜索配对连接
这里其实是分两种情况,一是去连接已经配对过的设备,二是搜索设备,配对,连接。
adapter.startDiscovery(),开始搜索周围的蓝牙设备。搜索到设备将会以广播的形式将设备发送,我们创建广播接收者来接收搜索到的设备即可进行下一步操作。广播创建代码如下:
public class MyReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver{ @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { //扫描到了任一蓝牙设备 if(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(intent.getAction())) { Log.v(TAG, "### BT BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND ##"); BluetoothDevice btDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE); if(adapter.isDiscovering())//扫描比较耗费性能,如果搜索到需要的设备,立即关闭扫描。 adapter.cancelDiscovery(); if(btDevice != null){ Log.v(TAG , "Name : " + btDevice.getName() + " Address: " + btDevice.getAddress()); } } } } //注册 MyReceiver receiver = new MyReceiver(); IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(); filter.addAction(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND); registerReceiver(receiver,filter); //最后在Activity结束时记得销毁广播接收者 unregisterReceiver(receiver);
接下来我们在ACTION_FOUND中的到了BluetoothDevice,使用它进行连接,如果该设备之前没有配对,会弹出配对对话框,点击配对或者输入配对码配对后执行之
后的连接过程代码:
连接的两端分为服务端和客户端。
服务端使用BluetoothServerSocket进行监听,客户端使用BluetoothSocket进行连接。
服务端: /** * This thread runs while listening for incoming connections. It behaves * like a server-side client. It runs until a connection is accepted * (or until cancelled). */ private class AcceptThread extends Thread { // The local server socket private final BluetoothServerSocket mmServerSocket; private String mSocketType; public AcceptThread(boolean secure) {//这里的参数就是为了创建不同的监听服务,注意两个不同的UUID值 BluetoothServerSocket tmp = null; mSocketType = secure ? "Secure" : "Insecure"; // Create a new listening server socket try { if (secure) { tmp = mAdapter.listenUsingRfcommWithServiceRecord(NAME_SECURE, MY_UUID_SECURE); } else { tmp = mAdapter.listenUsingInsecureRfcommWithServiceRecord( NAME_INSECURE, MY_UUID_INSECURE); } } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Socket Type: " + mSocketType + "listen() failed", e); } mmServerSocket = tmp; mState = STATE_LISTEN; } public void run() { Log.d(TAG, "Socket Type: " + mSocketType + "BEGIN mAcceptThread" + this); setName("AcceptThread" + mSocketType); BluetoothSocket socket = null; // Listen to the server socket if we're not connected while (mState != STATE_CONNECTED) { try { // This is a blocking call and will only return on a // successful connection or an exception socket = mmServerSocket.accept(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Socket Type: " + mSocketType + "accept() failed", e); break; } // If a connection was accepted if (socket != null) { synchronized (BluetoothChatService.this) { switch (mState) { case STATE_LISTEN: case STATE_CONNECTING: // Situation normal. Start the connected thread. connected(socket, socket.getRemoteDevice(), mSocketType); break; case STATE_NONE: case STATE_CONNECTED: // Either not ready or already connected. Terminate new socket. try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Could not close unwanted socket", e); } break; } } } } Log.i(TAG, "END mAcceptThread, socket Type: " + mSocketType); } public void cancel() { Log.d(TAG, "Socket Type" + mSocketType + "cancel " + this); try { mmServerSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Socket Type" + mSocketType + "close() of server failed", e); } } } 客户端: /** * This thread runs while attempting to make an outgoing connection * with a device. It runs straight through; the connection either * succeeds or fails. */ private class ConnectThread extends Thread { private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket; private final BluetoothDevice mmDevice; private String mSocketType; public ConnectThread(BluetoothDevice device, boolean secure) {//如果需要创建安全的BluetoothScoket第二个参数传true mmDevice = device; BluetoothSocket tmp = null; mSocketType = secure ? "Secure" : "Insecure"; // Get a BluetoothSocket for a connection with the // given BluetoothDevice try { if (secure) { tmp = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord( MY_UUID_SECURE); } else { tmp = device.createInsecureRfcommSocketToServiceRecord( MY_UUID_INSECURE); } } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Socket Type: " + mSocketType + "create() failed", e); } mmSocket = tmp; mState = STATE_CONNECTING; } public void run() { Log.i(TAG, "BEGIN mConnectThread SocketType:" + mSocketType); setName("ConnectThread" + mSocketType); // Always cancel discovery because it will slow down a connection mAdapter.cancelDiscovery(); // Make a connection to the BluetoothSocket try { // This is a blocking call and will only return on a // successful connection or an exception mmSocket.connect(); } catch (IOException e) { // Close the socket try { mmSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e2) { Log.e(TAG, "unable to close() " + mSocketType + " socket during connection failure", e2); } connectionFailed(); return; } // Reset the ConnectThread because we're done synchronized (BluetoothChatService.this) { mConnectThread = null; } // Start the connected thread connected(mmSocket, mmDevice, mSocketType); } public void cancel() { try { mmSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "close() of connect " + mSocketType + " socket failed", e); } } } 操作类(客户端和服务端连接上之后进行通讯的类) /** * This thread runs during a connection with a remote device. * It handles all incoming and outgoing transmissions. */ private class ConnectedThread extends Thread { private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket; private final InputStream mmInStream; private final OutputStream mmOutStream; public ConnectedThread(BluetoothSocket socket, String socketType) { Log.d(TAG, "create ConnectedThread: " + socketType); mmSocket = socket; InputStream tmpIn = null; OutputStream tmpOut = null; // Get the BluetoothSocket input and output streams try { tmpIn = socket.getInputStream(); tmpOut = socket.getOutputStream(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "temp sockets not created", e); } mmInStream = tmpIn; mmOutStream = tmpOut; mState = STATE_CONNECTED; } public void run() { Log.i(TAG, "BEGIN mConnectedThread"); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int bytes; // Keep listening to the InputStream while connected while (mState == STATE_CONNECTED) { try { // Read from the InputStream bytes = mmInStream.read(buffer); // Send the obtained bytes to the UI Activity mHandler.obtainMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_READ, bytes, -1, buffer) .sendToTarget(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "disconnected", e); connectionLost(); break; } } } /** * Write to the connected OutStream. * * @param buffer The bytes to write */ public void write(byte[] buffer) { try { mmOutStream.write(buffer); // Share the sent message back to the UI Activity mHandler.obtainMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_WRITE, -1, -1, buffer) .sendToTarget(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Exception during write", e); } } public void cancel() { try { mmSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "close() of connect socket failed", e); } } }
以上涉及到三个类分别是AcceptThread,ConnectThread,ConnectedThread类,代码有点多但是都比较简单易懂,都是一些类似于Socket通信时的操作。AcceptThread中的accept(),ConnectThread中的connect(),ConnectedThread中的read()这些方法都会阻塞主线程的运行所有这几个都是线程类。
两个方法:
服务端BluetoothServiceSocket创建:
if (secure) {
tmp = mAdapter.listenUsingRfcommWithServiceRecord(NAME_SECURE,
MY_UUID_SECURE);
} else {
tmp = mAdapter.listenUsingInsecureRfcommWithServiceRecord(
NAME_INSECURE, MY_UUID_INSECURE);
}第一个参数:相当于你个你的监听器起的名字第二个参数:类似于TCP连接时的端口号
两种方式创建监听服务,客户端要和服务端建立连接,类似于TCP连接时的端口对应一样,BluetoothSocket要和BluetoothServerSocket必须两者的UUID值相同。MY_UUID_SECURE和MY_UUID_INSECURE两个UUID是为了区分是否建立安全的Rfcomm通道。
客户端BluetoothSocket创建:
tmp = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(MY_UUID_SECURE);
tmp = device.createInsecureRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(MY_UUID_INSECURE);
两个方法都可以创建出BluetoothSocket对象,在cretaeRfcommSocketToServiceRecord方法创建的tmp对象连接之前如果设备没有配对会有提示配对的对话框出现,这也是安全性的一个体现吧。网上许多文章提到的如何取消配对话框,其实使用createInsecureRfcommSocketToServiceRecord这个方法创建就会免去配对的过程了。但是免去了配对过程又掌握你的UUID的话就可以直接搜索到你的设备后直接建立连接发送数据了,有一定的安全问题。
UUID:蓝牙设备连接需要的UUID的格式是:xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
UUID值和TCP的端口号一样,也存在着一些标准的UUID默认值:例如,将蓝牙模拟成串口的服务就使用了一个标准的UUID:
00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB
除此之外,还有很多标准的UUID,如下面就是两个标准的UUID:
信息同步服务:00001104-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB
文件传输服务:00001106-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB
连接建立后获取输入输出流对象:
tmpIn = socket.getInputStream();
tmpOut = socket.getOutputStream();
使用IO操作进行服务端和客户端的通信过程。
下面附上官方demo的github地址:
https://github.com/googlesamples/android-BluetoothChat
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