【Python编程：从入门到实践】第五章：if 语句

【Python编程：从入门到实践】第五章：if 语句

5.1 一个简单的示例

在Python中， if 语句让你能够检查程序的当前状态，并据此采取相应的措施。

Eg：遍历一个列表，并以首字母大写的方式打印其中的汽车名，但对于汽车名 ‘bmw’ ，以全大写的方式打印

cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
for car in cars:
    if car == 'bmw':
        print(car.upper())
    else:
        print(car.title())

结果：

Audi
BMW
Subaru
Toyota

5.2 条件测试

• 检查是否相等（==）

>>> car = 'bmw'
>>> car == 'bmw'
True

• 检查是否相等时区分大小写

>>> car = 'Audi'
>>> car == 'audi'
False

只想检查变量的值，可将变量的值转换为小写，再进行比较。函数 lower()不会修改存储在变量 car 中的值

>>> car = 'Audi'
>>> car.lower() == 'audi'
True

• 检查是否不相等（！=）

requested_topping = 'mushrooms'
if requested_topping != 'anchovies':
    print("Hold the anchovies!")

结果：

Hold the anchovies!

• 比较数字

>>> age = 18
>>> age == 18
True

answer = 17
if answer != 42:
    print("That is not the correct answer. Please try again!")

各种数学比较，小于、小于等于、大于、大于等于

>>> age = 19
>>> age < 21
True
>>> age <= 21
True
>>> age > 21
False
>>> age >= 21
False

• 检查多个条件（使用and 或or）

检查是否两个条件都为 True ，可使用关键字 and 将两个条件测试合而为一

>>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21
False
>>> age_1 = 22
>>> age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21
True

关键字 or 也能够让你检查多个条件，但只要至少有一个条件满足，就能通过整个测试。

 >>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
True
>>> age_0 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
False

• 检查特定值是否包含在列表中（in）

>>> requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'onions', 'pineapple']
>>> 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings
True
>>> 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings
False

• 检查特定值是否不包含在列表中（not in）

banned_users = ['andrew', 'carolina', 'david']
user = 'marie'
if user not in banned_users:
print(user.title() + ", you can post a response if you wish.")

• 布尔表达式

game_active = True
can_edit = False

练习
5-1 条件测试：编写一系列条件测试；将每个测试以及你对其结果的预测和实际结果都打印出来。你编写的代码应类似于下面这样：
car = ‘subaru’
print(“Is car == ‘subaru’? I predict True.”)
print(car == ‘subaru’)
print("\nIs car == ‘audi’? I predict False.")
print(car == ‘audi’)
详细研究实际结果，直到你明白了它为何为 True 或 False 。
创建至少 10个测试，且其中结果分别为 True 和 False 的测试都至少有 5个。

car = 'subaru'
print("Is car == 'subaru'? I predict True.")
print(car == 'subaru')
print("\nIs car == 'audi'? I predict False.")
print(car == 'audi')

结果：

Is car == 'subaru'? I predict True.
True

Is car == 'audi'? I predict False.
False

5-2 更多的条件测试：你并非只能创建 10个测试。如果你想尝试做更多的比较，可再编写一些测试，并将它们加入到 conditional_tests.py 中。对于下面列出的各种测试，至少编写一个结果为 True 和 False 的测试。
检查两个字符串相等和不等。
使用函数 lower() 的测试。
检查两个数字相等、不等、大于、小于、大于等于和小于等于。
使用关键字 and 和 or 的测试。
测试特定的值是否包含在列表中。
测试特定的值是否未包含在列表中。

user1 = "lily"
user2 = "Lily"
print(user1 == user2)
print(user1 != user2)
print(user1 == user2.lower())

num1 = 2
num2 = 3
print(num1 == num2)
print(num1 != num2)
print(num1 > num2)
print(num1 < num2)
print(num1 >= num2)
print(num1 <= num2)

col1 = 2
col2 = -2
print(col1 > 0 and col2 > 0)
print(col1 > 0 or col2 > 0)

list1 = ['zhao','qian','sun','li','zhou']
name1 = 'zhao'
name2 = 'wu'
if name1 in list1:
    print(name1 + " is included in the list.")
if name2 not in list1:
    print(name2 + " is not included in the list.")

结果：

False
True
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
zhao is included in the list.
wu is not included in the list.

5.3 if 语句

• 简单的if语句

age = 19
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")

结果：

You are old enough to vote!

• if-else 语句

age = 17
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
    print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
    print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!")

结果：

Sorry, you are too young to vote.
Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!

• if-elif-else 结构

age = 12
if age < 4:
    print("Your admission cost is $0.")
elif age < 18:
    print("Your admission cost is $5.")
else:
    print("Your admission cost is $10.")

结果：

Your admission cost is $5.

• 使用多个elif 代码块

age = 12
if age < 4:
    price = 0
elif age < 18:
    price = 5
elif age < 65:
    price = 10
else:
    price = 5
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")

结果：

Your admission cost is $5.

• 省略else代码块

age = 12
if age < 4:
    price = 0
elif age < 18:
    price = 5
elif age < 65:
    price = 10
elif age >= 65:
    price = 5
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")

结果：

Your admission cost is $5.

• 测试多个条件

requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese']
if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding mushrooms.")
if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding pepperoni.")
if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding extra cheese.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

结果：

Adding mushrooms.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

练习
5-3 外星人颜色#1：假设在游戏中刚射杀了一个外星人，请创建一个名为alien_color 的变量，并将其设置为 ‘green’ 、 ‘yellow’ 或 ‘red’ 。
编写一条 if 语句，检查外星人是否是绿色的；如果是，就打印一条消息，指出玩家获得了 5个点。
编写这个程序的两个版本，在一个版本中上述测试通过了，而在另一个版本中未通过（未通过测试时没有输出）。

alien_colors = ['green','yellow','red']
#Q1
print("Q1")
alien_color = 'green'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
#Q2
print("Q2")
alien_color = 'red'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')

结果：

Q1
you have won five point
Q2

5-4 外星人颜色#2：像练习 5-3那样设置外星人的颜色，并编写一个 if-else 结构。
如果外星人是绿色的，就打印一条消息，指出玩家因射杀该外星人获得了 5 个点。
如果外星人不是绿色的，就打印一条消息，指出玩家获得了 10个点。
编写这个程序的两个版本，在一个版本中执行 if 代码块，而在另一个版本中执行 else 代码块。

#Q1
print("Q1")
alien_color = 'green'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
else:
    print('you have won ten point')
#Q2
print("\nQ2")
alien_color = 'green'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
else:
    print('you have won ten point')

结果：

Q1
you have won five point

Q2
you have won five point

5-5 外星人颜色#3：将练习 5-4中的 if-else 结构改为 if-elif-else 结构。
如果外星人是绿色的，就打印一条消息，指出玩家获得了 5个点。
如果外星人是黄色的，就打印一条消息，指出玩家获得了 10个点。
如果外星人是红色的，就打印一条消息，指出玩家获得了 15个点。
编写这个程序的三个版本，它们分别在外星人为绿色、黄色和红色时打印一条消息。

#Q1
print('Q1')
alien_color = 'green'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
elif alien_color == 'yellow':
    print('you have won ten point')
else:
    print('you have won fifteen point')
#Q2
print('\nQ2')
alien_color = 'yellow'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
elif alien_color == 'yellow':
    print('you have won ten point')
else:
    print('you have won fifteen point')
#Q3
print('\nQ3')
alien_color = 'red'
if alien_color == 'green':
    print('you have won five point')
elif alien_color == 'yellow':
    print('you have won ten point')
else:
    print('you have won fifteen point')

结果：

Q1
you have won five point

Q2
you have won ten point

Q3
you have won fifteen point

5-6 人生的不同阶段：设置变量 age 的值，再编写一个 if-elif-else 结构，根据 age的值判断处于人生的哪个阶段。
如果一个人的年龄小于 2岁，就打印一条消息，指出他是婴儿。
如果一个人的年龄为 2（含）～4岁，就打印一条消息，指出他正蹒跚学步。
如果一个人的年龄为 4（含）～13岁，就打印一条消息，指出他是儿童。
如果一个人的年龄为 13（含）～20岁，就打印一条消息，指出他是青少年。
如果一个人的年龄为 20（含）～65岁，就打印一条消息，指出他是成年人。
如果一个人的年龄超过 65（含）岁，就打印一条消息，指出他是老年人。

age = 5
if age < 2:
    print("It is a baby")
elif age >= 2 and age < 4:
    print("It learns walking")
elif age >= 4 and age < 13:
    print('he is a child')
elif age >= 13 and age < 20:
    print('he is a teenager')
elif age >= 20 and age < 65:
    print('he is an adult')
else:
    print('he is a the old')

结果：

he is a child

5-7 喜欢的水果：创建一个列表，其中包含你喜欢的水果，再编写一系列独立的 if语句，检查列表中是否包含特定的水果。
将该列表命名为 favorite_fruits ，并在其中包含三种水果。
编写 5条 if 语句，每条都检查某种水果是否包含在列表中，如果包含在列表中，就打印一条消息，如“You really like bananas!”。

favorite_fruits = ['banana','orange','apple']
if 'orange' in favorite_fruits:
	print('you really like orange')
if 'apple' in favorite_fruits:
	print('you really like apple')
if 'banana' in favorite_fruits:
	print('you really like banana')
if 'mango' in favorite_fruits:
	print('you really like mango')
if 'pipeapple' in favorite_fruits:
	print('you really like pipeapple')

结果：

you really like orange
you really like apple
you really like banana

5.4 使用 if 语句处理列表

• 检查特殊元素

requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
    if requested_topping == 'green peppers':
        print("Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.")
    else:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

结果：

Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

• 确定列表不是空的

requested_toppings = []
if requested_toppings:
    for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
    print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
else:
    print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")

结果：

Are you sure you want a plain pizza?

• 使用多个列表

available_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'olives', 'green peppers','pepperoni', 'pineapple', 'extra cheese']
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'french fries', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
    if requested_topping in available_toppings:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
    else:
        print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

结果：

Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we don't have french fries.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

练习
5-8 以特殊方式跟管理员打招呼：创建一个至少包含 5个用户名的列表，且其中一个用户名为 ‘admin’ 。想象你要编写代码，在每位用户登录网站后都打印一条问候消息。遍历用户名列表，并向每位用户打印一条问候消息。
如果用户名为 ‘admin’ ，就打印一条特殊的问候消息，如“Hello admin, would you
like to see a status report?”。
否则，打印一条普通的问候消息，如“Hello Eric, thank you for logging in again”。

users = ['lily','admin','Eric','Susan','Lucy']
for user in users:
    if user == 'admin':
        print('Hello admin, would you like to see a status report?')
    else:
        print('hello %s,thank you for logging in again.'%user)

结果：

hello lily,thank you for logging in again.
Hello admin, would you like to see a status report?
hello Eric,thank you for logging in again.
hello Susan,thank you for logging in again.
hello Lucy,thank you for logging in again.

5-9 处理没有用户的情形：在为完成练习 5-8编写的程序中，添加一条 if 语句，检查用户名列表是否为空。
如果为空，就打印消息“We need to find some users!”。
删除列表中的所有用户名，确定将打印正确的消息

users = []
if users:
    for user in users:
        if user == 'admin':
            print('Hello admin, would you like to see a status report?')
        else:
            print('hello %s,thank you for logging in again.' % user)
print("We need to find some users!")

结果：

We need to find some users!

5-10 检查用户名：按下面的说明编写一个程序，模拟网站确保每位用户的用户名都独一无二的方式。
创建一个至少包含 5个用户名的列表，并将其命名为 current_users 。
再创建一个包含 5个用户名的列表，将其命名为 new_users ，并确保其中有一两个用户名也包含在列表 current_users 中。
遍历列表 new_users ，对于其中的每个用户名，都检查它是否已被使用。如果是这样，就打印一条消息，指出需要输入别的用户名；否则，打印一条消息，指出这个用户名未被使用。
确保比较时不区分大消息；换句话说，如果用户名 ‘John’ 已被使用，应拒绝用户名 ‘JOHN’ 。

current_users = ['lily','Lucy','Xisan','lay','Susan']
new_users = ['Lily','Lucus','santi','youyou','Susan']
for user in new_users:
    if user in current_users or user.lower() in current_users or user.upper() in current_users or user.title() in current_users:
        print(user +' had been used,please enter another user name')
    else:
        print(user +' not been used')

结果：

Lily had been used,please enter another user name
Lucus not been used
santi not been used
youyou not been used
Susan had been used,please enter another user name

5-11 序数：序数表示位置，如 1st和 2nd。大多数序数都以 th结尾，只有 1、2和 3例外。
在一个列表中存储数字 1~9。
遍历这个列表。
在循环中使用一个 if-elif-else 结构，以打印每个数字对应的序数。输出内容应为 1st 、 2nd 、 3rd 、 4th 、 5th 、 6th 、 7th 、 8th 和 9th ， 但每个序数都独占一行。

nums = list(range(1,10))
for num in nums:
    if num == 1:
        print('%dst'%num)
    elif num == 2:
        print('%dnd'%num)
    elif num == 3:
        print('%drd'%num)
    else:
        print('%dth'%num)

结果：

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th