设计模式 状态模式

状态模式：

   允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象看起来好像是修改它的类。

1. 将状态封装成独立的类，并将动作委托到代表当前状态的对象，行为会随着内部状态而改变。 一个状态代表一种行为。

2. 如果使用的对象能够完全改变它的行为，用户觉得这个对象是从别的类实例化得到。实际上，我们使用组合，通过简单引用不同的状态对象来造成类改变的假象。

使用状态模式的优点： 随着软件的升级，可以满足增加的不同状态的需求，只需要扩展一个新的状态。如果使用原始的int类型标识，会造成使用一堆if else判断，且代码不容易维护，也违反  针对接口编程，不针对实现编程  原则。

状态模式的定义：

下面我们使用一个糖果机售卖系统来说明状态模式的使用：

包含的状态：

卖光、未投币、投币、售卖(单个商品)、大赢家(1/10概率得到2个商品).

类图：

相互作用图：

下面是实现源码：

1.  GumballMachineTestDrive 主函数入口

public class GumballMachineTestDrive {

	/**
	 * @param args
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub


		GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(10);
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			System.out.println(gumballMachine);

			gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
			gumballMachine.turnCrank();
			System.out.println("");
		}

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);
	}

}

2.  定义状态模式接口 State

public interface State {

	public void insertQuarter(); // 投入硬币
	public void ejectQuarter();  // 拔出硬币
	public void turnCrank();     // 摇动抽奖手柄
	public void dispense();      // 发放将球
}

3. 实现状态接口的不同状态类

3.1 卖光状态

public class SoldOutState implements State {

	GumballMachine mGumballMachine;

	public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
		mGumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}

	public void insertQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't insert a quarter!");
	}

	public void ejectQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't eject a quarter!");
	}

	public void turnCrank() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't turn crank!");
	}

	public void dispense() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't dispense!");
	}

}

3.2 未投币状态

public class NoQuarterState implements State {

	GumballMachine mGumballMachine;

	public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
		mGumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	public void insertQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!");
		mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
	}

	public void ejectQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("NoQuarterState : No quarter, cannot eject quarter!");
	}

	public void turnCrank() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("NoQuarterState : No quarter, cannot turn crank!");
	}

	public void dispense() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("NoQuarterState : No quarter, cannot dispense!");
	}

}

3.3 投币状态

import java.util.Random;


public class HasQuarterState implements State {

	Random randomWinner = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
	GumballMachine mGumballMachine;

	public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
		mGumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	public void insertQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("HasQuarterState : You have inserted a quarter, can't again insert!");
	}

	public void ejectQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("HasQuarterState : You eject a quarter!");
		mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
	}

	public void turnCrank() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("HasQuarterState : You trun crank!");
		int winner = randomWinner.nextInt(10);
		if(winner==5 && mGumballMachine.getCount() > 1){
			mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getWinnerState());
		}else{
			mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getSoldState());
		}
	}

	public void dispense() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("HasQuarterState : You must trun crank before dispensing first!");
	}

}

3.4 售卖状态

public class SoldState implements State {

	GumballMachine mGumballMachine;

	public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
		mGumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}

	public void insertQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldState : You can't insert a quarter!");
	}

	public void ejectQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldState : You can't eject a quarter!");
	}

	public void turnCrank() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldState : You can't turn crank!");
	}

	public void dispense() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("SoldState : You dispense!");
		mGumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if(mGumballMachine.getCount() > 0){
			mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
		}else{
			mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		}

	}

}

3.5 大赢家状态（与售卖状态是平行级别）

public class WinnerState implements State {


	GumballMachine mGumballMachine;

	public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
		mGumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}

	public void insertQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("WinnerState : You can't insert a quarter!");
	}

	public void ejectQuarter() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("WinnerState : You can't eject a quarter!");
	}

	public void turnCrank() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("WinnerState : You can't turn crank!");
	}


	public void dispense() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("WinnerState : You are a Winner! you get two gumballs for you quarter!");
		mGumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if(mGumballMachine.getCount() > 0){
			mGumballMachine.releaseBall();
			if(mGumballMachine.getCount() > 0){
				mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
			}else{
				System.out.println("WinnerState : Oops, out of gumballs!");
				mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
			}
		}else{
			mGumballMachine.setState(mGumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		}
	}

}

4.  糖果机机器

public class GumballMachine {

	private State soldOutState;
	private State noQuarterState;
	private State hasQuarterState;
	private State soldState;
	private State winnerState;  //表示十分之一的概率抽到两个球，成为人生大赢家

	private State mState;
	private int mCount = 0;

	public GumballMachine(int count){

		mCount = count;
		soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
		noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
		hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
		soldState= new SoldState(this);
		winnerState = new WinnerState(this);

		mState = soldOutState;
		if(mCount > 0){
			mState = noQuarterState;
		}

	}

	public void setState(State state){
		mState = state;
	}

	public State getState(){
		return mState;
	}

	public State getSoldOutState() {
		return soldOutState;
	}

	public State getNoQuarterState() {
		return noQuarterState;
	}

	public State getHasQuarterState() {
		return hasQuarterState;
	}

	public State getSoldState() {
		return soldState;
	}

	public State getWinnerState() {
		return winnerState;
	}

	public int getCount(){
		return mCount;
	}
	public void insertQuarter(){
		mState.insertQuarter();
	}

	public void ejectQuarter(){
		mState.ejectQuarter();
	}

	public void turnCrank(){
		mState.turnCrank();
		mState.dispense();
	}

	public void releaseBall(){
		System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...");
		if(mCount>0){
			mCount -- ;
		}
	}
}

运行结果：

GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
SoldState : You dispense!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...


GumballMachine@7852e922
NoQuarterState : You insert a quarter!
HasQuarterState : You trun crank!
WinnerState : You are a Winner! you get two gumballs for you quarter!
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...
WinnerState : Oops, out of gumballs!


GumballMachine@7852e922
SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't insert a quarter!
SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't turn crank!
SoldOutState : No things to be sold, can't dispense!


GumballMachine@7852e922