HQL是Hibernate Query Language的缩写,语法很想SQL,但是HQL是一种面向对象的查询语言。SQL的操作对象是数据列、表等数据库对象,而HQL操作的是类、实例、属性。
HQL查询依赖于Query类,每个Query实例对应一个查询对象,使用HQL查询按如下步骤进行:
1.获取Hibernate Session对象
2.编写HQL语句
3.以HQL语句作为参数,调用Session的createQuery方法创建查询对象
4.如果HQL语句包含参数,则调用Query的setXxx方法为参数赋值
5.调用Query独享的list()或uniqueResult()方法返回查询结果列表
简单的例子:
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public class HibernateUtil { private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory; static { sessionFactory = new AnnotationConfiguration().configure().buildSessionFactory(); } public static Session getOpenSession() { return sessionFactory.openSession(); } public static Session getCurrentSession() { return sessionFactory.getCurrentSession(); } }
@Entity public class Employee { private Integer id; private String name; private Integer age; @Id @GeneratedValue public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } @Basic public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @Basic public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public String toString() { return "id:" + id + " " + "name:" + name + " " + "age:" + age; } }
@SuppressWarnings("all") public class HQLDemo { @Test public void testHQL() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); List<Employee> employeeList = session.createQuery("from Employee as e").list(); for(Employee e : employeeList) System.out.println(e); } @Test public void testHQLHasParameter() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); List<Employee> employeeList = session.createQuery("from Employee as e where e.name = :personName").setString("personName", "xujianguo").list(); for(Employee e : employeeList) System.out.println(e); } }
HQL查询的from子句:
from是最简单的HQL语句,也是最基本的HQL语句,from关键字后紧跟持久化类的类名,如:
from Employee
表名从Employee类中选出全部的实例
不过我们常用的是这样做:
from employee as e
这个e就是Employee的别名,也就是实例名,推荐这么写。
HQL查询的select子句:
select子句用于选择指定的属性或直接选择某个实体,当然select选择的属性必须是from后持久化类包含的属性,如:
select e.name from Employee as e
select可以选择任意属性,即不仅可以选择持久化类的直接属性,还可以选择组件属性包含的属性,如:
select e.name.firstName from Employee as e
HQL查询的聚集函数:
聚集函数:
avg:计算属性的平均值
count:统计选择对象的数量
max:统计属性值的最大值
min:统计属性值的最小值
sum:计算属性值的总和
如:
select count(*) from Employee as e
@Test public void testHQLFunction() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); System.out.println(session.createQuery("select count(*) from Employee as e").uniqueResult()); }
多态查询:
HQL不仅会查询出该持久化类的全部实例,还会查询出该类的子类的全部实例,前提是存在继承映射。
HQL查询的where子句:
where子句主要用于筛选选中的结果,缩小选择的范围,如:
from employee as e where e.name like "xjg%"
@Test public void testHQLWhere() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); List<Employee> employeeList = session.createQuery("from Employee as e where e.name like 'zhou%'").list(); for(Employee e : employeeList) System.out.println(e); }
order by子句:
查询返回结合可以根据类或组件属性的任何属性进行排序,还可以使用asc或desc关键字指定升序或者降序,如:
from Employee as e order by e.name desc
子查询:
子查询中就是查询语句中还有查询语句,如:
from Employee as e where e.age > (select p.age from Person as p)
@Test public void testHQLChildQuery() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); List<Employee> employeeList = session.createQuery("from Employee as e where e.age > (select e1.age from Employee as e1 where e1.name = 'xujianguo')").list(); for(Employee e : employeeList) System.out.println(e); }
命名查询:
HQL查询还支持将查询所用的HQL语句放入配置文件中,而不是代码中,在Hibernate映射文件的<hibernate-mapping>元素中使用<query>子元素来定义命名查询,这个<query>元素只需指定一个name属性,指定该命名查询的名字 ,如:
<query name="query"> from Employee as e <query />
Session里提供了一个getNamedQuery(String name)方法,该方法用于创建一个Query对象,一旦获得Query对象,剩下的工作就跟前面的一样了。
@Test public void testHQLNamedQuery() { Session session = HibernateUtil.getOpenSession(); List<Employee> employeeList = session.getNamedQuery("query").list(); for(Employee e : employeeList) System.out.println(e); }