sysadmin之netstat常用命令例解
**netstat**是一个基于命令行界面的网络实用工具，可显示当前的网络状态，包括传输控制协议层的连线状况、路由表、网络接口状态和网络协议的统计信息等[1]。netstat命令适用于类Unix系统（如macOS、Linux、Solaris和BSD）、IBM OS/2和Windows NT操作系统家族（如Windows XP、Windows Vista、Windows 7、Windows 8和Windows 10）。
netstat 功能强大，可以是解决网络相关问题和验证连接统计的方便工具。
- 以下是在【RHEL/CentOS】上测试的，当然【Ubuntu】也是可以的。
1)、netstat-帮助
netstat -help
usage: netstat [-vWeenNcCF] [<Af>] -r netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help}
netstat [-vWnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]
netstat { [-vWeenNac] -I[<Iface>] | [-veenNac] -i | [-cnNe] -M | -s [-6tuw] } [delay]
-r, --route display routing table
-I, --interfaces=<Iface> display interface table for <Iface>
-i, --interfaces display interface table
-g, --groups display multicast group memberships
-s, --statistics display networking statistics (like SNMP)
-M, --masquerade display masqueraded connections
-v, --verbose be verbose
-W, --wide don't truncate IP addresses
-n, --numeric don't resolve names
--numeric-hosts don't resolve host names
--numeric-ports don't resolve port names
--numeric-users don't resolve user names
-N, --symbolic resolve hardware names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-p, --programs display PID/Program name for sockets
-o, --timers display timers
-c, --continuous continuous listing
-l, --listening display listening server sockets
-a, --all display all sockets (default: connected)
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
-Z, --context display SELinux security context for sockets
<Socket>={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-U|--udplite} {-S|--sctp} {-w|--raw}
{-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom
<AF>=Use '-6|-4' or '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
List of possible address families (which support routing):
inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
x25 (CCITT X.25)
- 网络状态：【已连接】
2)、查看你服务器上的所有已建立的连接。
netstat -natu | grep 'ESTABLISHED'
tcp 0 21 68.183.37.102:22 222.186.31.135:21714 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 36 68.183.37.102:22 52.148.155.182:49859 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 68.183.37.102:22 61.177.142.158:55481 ESTABLISHED
3)、端口监听：
- 倘若我们已经开始了一些服务，这样可以监听特定的 IP：Port，能非常方便的进行验证。
netstat -an | grep 'LISTEN'
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN
4)、使用【-l】参数显示所有监听端口和套接字。
netstat -l
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:webcache [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:805 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:323 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:805 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:*
udp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:323 [::]:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15108 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8202 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 12813 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17542 public/pickup
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15165 /var/run/rpcbind.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17546 public/cleanup
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15605 /var/lib/gssproxy/default.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 12706 /run/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17549 public/qmgr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17571 public/flush
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17553 private/tlsmgr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17586 public/showq
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17556 private/rewrite
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17559 private/bounce
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17562 private/defer
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17565 private/trace
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17568 private/verify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17574 private/proxymap
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17577 private/proxywrite
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17580 private/smtp
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17583 private/relay
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17589 private/error
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17592 private/retry
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17595 private/discard
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17598 private/local
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17601 private/virtual
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17604 private/lmtp
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17607 private/anvil
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17610 private/scache
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15606 /run/gssproxy.sock
- 说明：利用
grep过滤的结果。
5)、【PID 】使用的端口编号
- 如果我知道某应用程序已启动并了解 【PID】（进程标识符），但不确定其使用的端口编号是多少。例如：【 PID 3937】
netstat -anlp |grep 3937
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 3937/httpd
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 2442387 3937/httpd
如上所见，【80】端口 正用于 【PID 3937】
6)、所有的协议统计
- 举例：由于丢弃数据包而频繁断开连接，【-s】参数将会显示出，我们急需和正要找寻的相关信息，也就是显示【数据包】总体统计信息。
netstat -s
Ip:
731422 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
731399 incoming packets delivered
787732 requests sent out
16 dropped because of missing route
Icmp:
5277 ICMP messages received
120 input ICMP message failed.
InCsumErrors: 6
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 193
timeout in transit: 16
echo requests: 5060
echo replies: 2
9355 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 4295
echo replies: 5060
IcmpMsg:
InType0: 2
InType3: 193
InType8: 5060
InType11: 16
OutType0: 5060
OutType3: 4295
Tcp:
42 active connections openings
35226 passive connection openings
1693 failed connection attempts
645 connection resets received
2 connections established
646705 segments received
648037 segments send out
99463 segments retransmited
27377 bad segments received.
150893 resets sent
InCsumErrors: 27377
Udp:
74547 packets received
4814 packets to unknown port received.
56 packet receive errors
74584 packets sent
0 receive buffer errors
0 send buffer errors
InCsumErrors: 56
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
177 invalid SYN cookies received
1693 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets
316 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
3 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp
70248 delayed acks sent
6 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket
Quick ack mode was activated 3082 times
17 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped
28179 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue.
9802 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue
72106 packet headers predicted
94182 acknowledgments not containing data payload received
40094 predicted acknowledgments
332 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements
8 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK
1173 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack
1029 timeouts after SACK recovery
8 timeouts in loss state
329 fast retransmits
3 forward retransmits
32 retransmits in slow start
44785 other TCP timeouts
TCPLossProbes: 9763
TCPLossProbeRecovery: 1732
54 SACK retransmits failed
3144 DSACKs sent for old packets
4 DSACKs sent for out of order packets
695 DSACKs received
1 DSACKs for out of order packets received
44 connections reset due to unexpected data
76 connections reset due to early user close
6079 connections aborted due to timeout
TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 448
TCPSpuriousRTOs: 5
TCPSackShiftFallback: 465
IPReversePathFilter: 11
TCPRcvCoalesce: 32369
TCPOFOQueue: 4313
TCPOFOMerge: 4
TCPChallengeACK: 2
TCPSynRetrans: 43670
TCPOrigDataSent: 208010
TCPACKSkippedSeq: 12
IpExt:
InNoRoutes: 12
InOctets: 133789295
OutOctets: 151093769
InNoECTPkts: 731338
InECT1Pkts: 3
InECT0Pkts: 1568
InCEPkts: 108
7)、内核路由信息
- 若路由出问题，或者连接不正常，断网或网速过慢，或者链接出问题…
- 则可通过【-r】参数来快速查寻。
netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
10.16.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
68.183.32.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.240.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
link-local 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
8)、查看谁在使用某个端口的【PID】
- 以启动【Apache】或【Nginx】服务器为例，常遇到【80】端口被占用导致两者其一不能启动，则可通过
netstat以下命令来快速解决端口冲突问题。
netstat -anlp |grep 80 | grep LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 3937/httpd
- 通过查询可以看出，【3937/httpd】，也就是【Apache】正在使用【80】端口.
9)、如果正在使用AIX
netstat -Aan | grep $portnumber
- 显示协议控制块的地址以16进制的形式显示。
- 一旦你有了十六进制，那么就可以在下面执行，得到那个进程所持有的端口号。
rmsock $address_of_pcb tcpcb
10)、网络接口列表
- 若使用了多个以太网接口，且不能确定服务器接口是哪一个？
netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0 1500 793026 0 0 0 849443 0 0 0 BMRU
lo 65536 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 LRU
11)、持续监听
- 当故障排除服务崩溃相关问题时，这是一个绝佳的选择。假设应用程序每隔几分钟就会随机崩溃。但是，不确定确切时间。您可以使用持续显示进程结果的参数。-c
netstat -anlpc |grep 8080
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd
当它停止更新，然后我们就能借此知道崩溃的原因。
小结：
netstat是【sysadmin】广泛使用的命令之一，我希望以上的例子能给你一个想法，你可以用它做什么。如果你想了解更多关于Linux方面的知识，敬请关注【sngee】！
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