Beginning Python - Chapter10 : Batteries included

#Chapter10:Batteries included
# Question :regular expression

#1 simple example about module
import sys
sys.path.append('E:\pycode')

import hello         #excute hello.py and a new file appears (hello.pyc)
import hello         #nothing happen,they mean define things not to do things,so just need define once
hello = reload(hello)#show message again ;python 3.0 remove,can use exec,better stay away from it

import p10_m1,p10_m2

#2 define a func in a module
p10_m1.f1()

#label_1---------------
#   ---this is module1---
#   func name is  p10_m1
#   ---this is module2---
#   p10_m1 : f1()

#3 makeing your modules available

# --3.1-- put your module in the right place
# all sys.path or your appending path
import sys,pprint
pprint.pprint(sys.path)
['E:\pycode','E:\pycode1'] # Question
print(sys.path) # pprint is more intelligent than print

# --3.2-- Telling the Interpreter Where to Look
# -- sys.path.append('E:\pycode')
# -- ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

#4 naming your module .pyw # Question

#5 packages

# --5.1 import--
print '------------'
import p10_package
print dir()#当前模块中定义的名称列表

from p10_package import*
print PI # __init__
print dir(p10_package)
print '__name__',p10_package.__name__
print '__path__',p10_package.__path__
print '__package__',p10_package.__package__
print '__file__',p10_package.__file__

import p10_package.m1
print p10_package.m1.PI
print dir(p10_package.m1)
print '__name__',p10_package.m1.__name__
print '__package__',p10_package.m1.__package__
print '__file__',p10_package.m1.__file__

from p10_package import m2
print m2.PI

# --5.2 dir(module)--

# --5.3 moudule.__name__ etc--

# --5.4 help--
help(p10_package.m1) # show all about m1
help(p10_package) # show all about __init__, and package content name (m1,m2)

#6 documentation
print '------------'
print range.__doc__
print p10_package.__doc__ #None

#7 the standard library
print '------------'
# --7.1 sys--
# Question : where can  I　find all reference and the usage of these
# http://python.org/doc/lib/types-set.html
# The sys module gives you access to variables and functions that are closely linked to the Python interpreter.
import sys
print sys.argv   #['E:/pycode/p10.py']
try:
    pass
except:
    exit(['byebye'])
sys.modules  # all of python personal module,so many
sys.path
print sys.platform # win32

#print dir(sys.stdin) #input
#print dir(sys.stdout)
#print dir(sys.stderr)

# --7.2 OS--
print '------------'
# The os module gives you access to several operating system services
import os
os.environ # Mapping with environment variables
#os.system('D:\Python27\python.exe') # excute something in subshell,similiar with "execv"
print os.sep # \ ; Separator used in paths,
print os.pathsep # ;  Separator to separate paths
print os.linesep # Line separator ('\n', '\r', or '\r\n')
print os.urandom(2) # Returns n bytes of cryptographically(加密) strong random data

import webbrowser
# webbrowser.open('http://www.baidu.com') #open web url,?just pop up web

# --7.3 fileinput--
#Question: the usage
print '------------'
import fileinput
fileinput.input() # Question ?
print 'filename = ',fileinput.filename()
print 'lineno = ',fileinput.lineno()
print 'isfirstline() = ',fileinput.isfirstline()
print 'isstdin() = ',fileinput.isstdin()
print 'nextfile() = ',fileinput.nextfile()
print 'close() = ',fileinput.close()

# --7.4 Sets,Heaps,and Deques--

# -- set --
print set(range(3)) #set([0, 1, 2])
print set(['fee','fie,','foe']) #set(['foe', 'fee', 'fie,'])

a = set([1,2,3])
b = set([2,3,4])
print a.union(b) # set([1, 2, 3, 4])
print a|b

c = a&b
print c #set([2, 3])
print a.intersection(b) # set([2, 3])

print c.issubset(a) #True
print c <= a        #True
print a.issuperset(c)#True

print a.difference(b) #set([1])
print a-b #set([1])

print a.symmetric_difference(b) #set([1, 4])   
print a^b

print a.copy() #set([1, 2, 3])
print a.copy() is a #False

#Question:reduce?
mySet = []
for i in range(5):
    mySet.append(set(range(i,i+5)))
print mySet
#[set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]), set([2, 3, 4, 5, 6]), set([3, 4, 5, 6, 7]), set([8, 4, 5, 6, 7])]
print reduce(set.union,mySet)
#set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])

# sets are mutable
a = set([1])
b = set([2])
# a.add(b) wrong
a.add(frozenset(b))
print a #set([1, frozenset([2])])

# -- Heaps --
# Question : heapify
from heapq import *
heap = []
for n in range(5):
    heappush(heap,n)
print heap
print heappop(heap) #Pops off the smallest element in the heap
print heapify(heap) #None ,Enforces the heap property on an arbitrary list
print heapreplace(heap,8),heap #1 [2, 3, 8, 4];pop off the smallest ,and replace
print nlargest(2,heap),heap #[8, 4] [2, 3, 8, 4]
print nsmallest(2,heap),heap #[2, 3] [2, 3, 8, 4]

from random import shuffle
data = range(10)
shuffle(data)
print data #[5, 9, 7, 0, 1, 4, 8, 6, 3, 2]

# -- Deques --
from collections import deque
q = deque(range(5))
q.append(5)
q.appendleft(6)
print q  #deque([6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print q.pop() #5
print q.popleft() #6
print q #deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
q.rotate(3) # show location
print q #deque([2, 3, 4, 0, 1])
q.rotate(-2)
print q #deque([4, 0, 1, 2, 3])

# --7.5 time--
# home

# --7.6 random--
from random import *
print '--random()',random() # 0=<n<=1
print 'getrandbits(2) ',getrandbits(2) # 0=<n<(11二进制)
print 'uniform(3,10) ',uniform(3,10) # between 3~ 10,float
print 'randrange(1,10,2)',randrange(1,10,2) # 1~10 ,step 2,1,3,5,7,9
print 'choice([1,4,6,7])',choice([1,4,6,7]) # choice(seq),1,4,6,7
s = [1,2,3]
shuffle(s) # shuffle seq random
print 'shuffle s= ',s
print 'sample(seq,n)',sample(s,2) # choise n elements from seq random

# --7.7 shelve--
import shelve
s = shelve.open('test.bat')
s['x']=['a','b'] #similar with dictionary,but key must be string
s['x']=['c']
s['x'].append('d')
print s['x']    #just c; for 'd' was appended to the copy
temp = s['x']
temp.append('e')
s['x']=temp
print s['x']    #['c', 'e']
s.writeback = True
s['x'].append('f')
print s['x']    #['c', 'e', 'f']
s.writeback = False # no affect
s['x'].append('g')
print s['x'] #['c', 'e', 'f', 'g'],if don't write anymore,must close
s.close()
#s['x'].append('g')
#print s['x']

#--a simple database example
import sys,shelve

def store_person(db):
    pid = raw_input('enter unique ID number')
    person = {}
    person['name']=raw_input('enter name:')
    person['age']=raw_input('enter age:')
    person['phone']=raw_input('enter phone:')

    db[pid] = person

    print '-----------'
    print db

def lookup_person(db):
    pid=raw_input('enter id number:')
    field = raw_input('what would u like to know?(name,age,phoe)')
    field = field.strip().lower()
    print field.capitalize()+':',db[pid][field]

def print_help():
    print 'the availabel commands are:'
    print 'store :stores information about a person'
    print 'lookup:look up a person from ID number'
    print 'quit  :save changes and exit'
    print '?     :print these message'

def enter_command():
    cmd = raw_input('enter command(? for help):')
    cmd = cmd.strip().lower()
    return cmd

def main():
    database = shelve.open('p10_database.dat')
    try:
        while True:
            cmd = enter_command()
            if cmd=='store':
                store_person(database)
            elif cmd=='lookup':
                lookup_person(database)
            elif cmd=='?':
                print_help()
            elif cmd=='quit':
                return
    finally:
         database.close()
#if __name__=='__main__':main()

#8 re (regular expression)
#http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/Python正则表达式操作指南
        
# --8.1 the wildcard-- 通配符
# .ython (python,wython...) dot matchs any character except a newline

# --8.2 Escaping Special Characters -- 转义特殊字符
# 'python\\.org' &  python.org (avoid . be thought to be the wildcard)

# --8.3 character sets--
# [pj]ython = python | jython
# [a-zA-Z0-9]
# [^adc] match any character except a,b,c

# --8.4 alternatives and subpatterns (pipe)
# 'python|perl'
# 'p(ython|erl)'

# -8.5 optional and repeated subpatterns
# (pattern)* :pattern is repeated zero or more times
# (pattern)+ :one or more times
# (pattern){m,n} :from m to n times
# r'(http://)?(www\.)?python\.org'
# http://www.python.org
# www.python.org
# http://python.org
# python.org

# --8.6 the beginning and end of a string
# 'w+' & ... www.python.org
# the beginning:'^ht+p' & ... 'http://python.org' 'htttttp://python.org' ;not 'www.http.org'
# the end: $

# --8.7 contents of the re module
# Question: findall()
import re
# compile
p = re.compile('ab*')
print p

#match()
m = p.match('ab')
print m.group() #return re 匹配的字符串
print m.start() #0 返回匹配开始的位置
print m.end()   #2
print m.span()  #(0,2)

#findall() 返回一个匹配字符串行表
p = re.compile('\d+')
m = p.match('0123456789')
print m.group()
print p.findall('12 frumers frumming,11pipers piping,10lords a-leaping')

print re.search('\d','4')