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Linux File Hierarchy Concepts
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Some Important Directories
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The home directory
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/root /home/username
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The bin directories
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/bin,/user/bin,/usr/local/bin 常用执行文件
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/sbin, /user/sbin, /usr/local/sbin 系统管理可执行文件
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Foreign filesystem mountpoints
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/mnt amd /media
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3.Other Important Directories
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/etc --system config files
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/tmp
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/boot --kernel and bootloader
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/dev --device
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/usr --Programs
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Lost+found --遗失的片段
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/var --存放经常变动的文件,如:log,email
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/srv --存放目前所有和server有关的服务
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/proc --反应kernel的环境,是虚拟的目录,不占用任何磁盘空间
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The lib directories
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/lib,/usr/lib,/usr/local/lib
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Current Working Directory (CWD)
Usage: pwd
5. File and Directory Names (文件命名规则)
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Less than 255 characters
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all characters are valid,except the “/”,若用空格等特殊字符作为文件名,必须用引号把这个字符括起来
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Names are case-sensitive(大小写是敏感的)例如:Mail,mail mAil,是不同的文件
6. Absolute Pathnames (绝对路径)
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Begin with a slash(/)
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Complete “road map” to file location
//为文件位置作指向 -
Can be used anytime you wish to specify a file name
7. Relative Pathname
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Don't begin with a slash(/)
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specify location relative to your current working directory
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Can be used as a thort way to specify a file
8. Change Directory
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command: cd
9. Listing Directory Concents
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查看当前目录本身的属性:ls -ld
10. Copying Files and Directories
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Usage:
cp [options] file destination
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More than one files may be copied at a time if the destination is a directory
cp [options] file1 file2 destination
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cp技巧:
cp -p file dest 保持文件拷贝前的时间
11. Linux Copying Files and Directories //linux中复制行为是怎么动作的
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If destination exists and is a file ,the copy overwrite the destination file
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If the destination is a directory,and is exists,the copy is placed there with the same name
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If the destination doesn't exist,the copy is created with that name
14. Creating and Removing Files
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rm -- remove files
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Usage
rm [options] file
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-i --interactive(确认信息)
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-r --删除目录时必用选项
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-f --force
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Redhat 中,rm在普通用户下使用时,默认不带-i参数,在root用户下使用时,默认会带-i参数
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touch create files
若所要建立的文件已在存在,则会改变文件的修改时间,不会改变其内容。 15. Creating and Removing Directory
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mkdir --create directory
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rmdir --remove an empty directory
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rm -r --remove a directory
16. Using Nautilus
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Gnome Graphical filesystem browser
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Can run in “spatial” and “Browser” mode
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Spatial --open directory in each window
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Browser --open all directories in one window
18. Ceterming File Content
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File can contain many types of data
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syntax
file [options] filenames
20. Viewing Text Page by Page
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syntax:
less [options] filename
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Uage:
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/text --search
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n/N --next/previous match
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v --open file in text editor
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space -next page
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b --previous page
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Ctrl+d --next falf page
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Ctrl+u --previous half page
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g --to top of the file
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G --to bottom of the file
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/text --find text downward
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?text --find text forward
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v --editor mode
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q --quit