1. Object vs
. Class
object is instance of class. object may hold a state which can be
manipulated at run time .
class is object template . Class is used to create objects and specify
their behaviors .
class is an object too ; they are instance of 'Class' class when loaded by
VM .
2. Message vs . Method
Message is a way for object to provide service to its user .
The user request service from an object through sending a message ( properly
signatured ) to that object .
A Method is a set of instructions to manipulate an object . Accessible
Methods specify how a message ( with the same signature ) should be handled
by an object . Accessible method can be invoked by a message to an object .
3. Static(class) variable vs . Instance variable vs . static(class) method
Every variables must be typed ( primitive or not );
Static(class) variables : are common to all objects ( instances ) of the same
class. Static(class) variable is initialized when
class is loaded .
Memory allocated on Heap .
Instance variables : are unique to each object created by a particular
class. Instance variable is initialized during
class instantiation .
Memory allocated on Heap .
Local Variables : Declared 1. Inside a block statement ;
2. As a method parameter ;
3. Inside For- Loop ;
4. On a try {} catch statement
Memory allocated on stack .
Never initialized by default;
Static(class) method :
a . Invocation :
Can be invoked by prefixing it with class name
(or instance name ) and dot notation ( no dynamic
binding , polymorphism does not apply );
Not invoked as a message to an object since no
object may exit at the time ;
No need for object creation or instantiation ;
b . Restriction :
Can 't access instance variables;
Can' t use 'this' , 'super'
4. Private , Protected , Public , Package members ( are called Member access
modifier )
Private : Accessible only from methods of the host class. Private method
is consided not to be inherited at all ;
Public : Accessible by any object ;
Protected : Accessible from methods of the host class and its Subclass
( children , grandchildren ). Member is private to all outsiders .
Package ( omitted ): Accessible to all classes that belong to the same
package , but not to subclass in other packages .
5. Interface
Definition : It is a promise that your class will implement certain methods
with certain signatures ; Simply reserve behavior for classes
that implement them ; Marker interface are used to label
property of the class which implements it ;
Why : Are used to augment single inheritance mechanism ; Better
solution than aggregation & forwarding ;
Property : All members in interface are public & abstract ( omitted );
No static methods allowed .
All variables can only be Constants (static & final , omitted );
( There are constants only interface ); No instance field
allowed .
Interface have multi - inheritance , do not have a single
top - level ( root ) interface .
No static method allowed .
A class implements an interface must implement all its methods
to avoid abstract feature .
Extend : Two ways to extend interface : add new methods ; define new
constance ;
Interface vs . Abstract class:
Interface are special ( similar ) abstract class that do not
define instance variables ( but can define constants ) with
all methods be abstract ; ( SAME )
a . Single vs . multi - inheritance ;
b . All member abstract or not ; ( DIFFERENCE )
Advantage : Enable multi - inheritance since ( no instance variable ;
Methods only have signatures ); Constant can 't be inherited,
but can be used.
6. Abstract Class
Definition: A class labeled as abstract which will prevent any one from
instantiating the class;
Why: Principle of OO design - to declare common behavior as
early as possible in the IS-A hierarchy; Doing so, some
implementation difficult may arise.
How: Declare the method as abstract with no body,
ex. public abstract float getArea(); Java require us to
label the class as abstract.
Notes: Subclass abstract or not;
7. OO Program
A program describe interactions between a collection of objects which are
designed to model some aspects of the real world.
Key features of objects: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
8. Bytecode vs. VM
Platform independent vs. platform dependent.
Bytecode is generated by compiler, which is not a machine code (can' t be
run by OS directly ), which will be interpreted by VM at run time .
9. Applets
Small Java applications and execute in the client 's VM (With Web browser)
10. SecurityManager Objects
An object that severely restricts applets' s access to local resource .
11. Java va . HTML
Java is a stand along program language , usually has nothing to do
with HTML ; HTML was extended to incorporate Java Applets .
12. Programming by Contract
An way to program which enable the use of members ( usually method ) of
a class without the need to refer to its implementation details .
13. Mutator vs . Accessor
Report state vs . modify state of an object .
14. Procedure Call vs . Method Invocation
Difference : In addition to the parameters explicitly supplied with a
message , a method also has access to the internal state of
the object and can manipulate the said state to archive the
desired result .
15. Constructor vs . Method
Naming : Constructor must have the same name as the class;
Methods usually don 't have the same name as class;
(But method can have the same name as class)
Invocation: Constructor is invoked when class is instantiated (new
operator applied); not as a result of message received.
Methods are invoked when messages (with the same signature)
are received by objects;
Returning: Constructor has no return type;
Methods must have return type (void is a return type too);
Common: They are usually public (private utility constructor or
methods);
They can be several constructor and same name methods which
must differ in signature;
They can call each other;
16. Advantages of Encapsulation
Enable the creator of class to upgrade, enhance the implementation
later on.
17. Four Steps of New Operator
a. Allocate memory;
b. assign default value to instance variables;
c. invoke the constructor;
d. Assign object to an identifier (like myCar);
18. CarTest, CarTest.class vs. CarTest.java
Bytecode, Bytecode vs. Java source code
19. Pointer vs. Class Definition
20. This
this(); call other constructor.
this reference to object itself.
21. Final class, method, variable
Final class: a class that can' t be parent or can 't be extended (like
String);
Final method: Methods can' t be overridden . ( adv . 1. fix certain behavior ;
2. disable dynamic binding )
Final variable : Once initialized , their value can 't be changed (you can
only assign its value once);
Blank finals: Are final variables that are declared and initialized separately.
22. Common Methods of Object
toString, equals, clone
23. Three Ways of Entending Class
a. overriding existing methods;
b. adding new instance variable;
c. adding new methods;
24. What is Constructor Chaining
The ability for subclass' s constructor automatically invoke
super () the first things first , in case that your didn 't put
one there;
25. Override must match signature (in name, number, parameter type and
access modifier)
26. Package vs. Defaut Package
Collection of related classes;
Don' t need "to create" , come into existence when you declare it .
27. Package Hierarchy vs . Class Hierarchy
Package has no top - level , all - encompassing root ;
Is a mechanism for creating class library ; Every class must have at least one
parents except Objects .
adv : ( a ). Seperate different class design ;
( b ). Avoid name clash
( c ). Information sharing .
28. Full class Name vs . Exception
Full class name : Prefix the class name with its package name and dot
notation .
Exception :
a . class name immediately following the class keyword ;
b . class belong to the same package as the class being currently
defined ;
c . class us explicitly specified in one of the import statement .
d . class belong to java . lang package ( which are implicitly imported )
29. Import vs . #include
30. Java .class. path system property
31. str1 == str2 vs . str1 . equals ( str2 )
ex . str1 = "abcd" ; str2 = "abcd" .
TRUE vs . TRUE . 仅仅字符串特殊,当产生""这种形式时.它是用字符串池中寻找,找到了则赋值,所以==相等
32. class reflection
Definition : The ability to exam classes (list of methods and
constructors ; its super class) from within programs .
Why : class is an instance of Class belongTo java . lang
when VM load a class.
Example : Three method to obtain a reference to Class instance :
String .class();
Class. forName ( "abc" );
"abc" . getClass ().
A complex one :
Class c = Color .class();
Field f = c . getField ( txtColor );
Color realColor ( Color ) f . get ( null ); // null for Static
33. Polymorphism
An object 's ability to decide what method to apply to itself, depending on
where it is in the inheritance hierarchy, is usually called Polymorphism.
34. Type of object
Consist its class & all interfaces that it implements.
35. Lay Out Manager;
FlowLayout: default for Applets (Panels)
Like a word processor; Component can be centered, aligned;
Component never resized; Maybe partially displayed or not at all
if there is no space left.
BorderLayout: default for Frame (all windows)
Five regions; Can' t reserve vertical size and no size for the center .
CardLayout :
GridLayout & GridBayLayout ,
BoxLayout
An example :
f . setSize ( 200 , 100 );
<----- f . setLayout (new java . awt . FlowLayout ());
MyDrawing d = new MyDrawing ();
f . add ( d );
d . setSize ( 100 , 50 ); // Ignore or Not
f . show ()
36. Three way of extending class ( 55 )
new, clone , de - serialize
37. When will object be destroyed ( 55 )
a . automatically marked for GC when it is no longer referenced ;
b . destroyed for real when VM low on memory ;
c . GC runs on separate thread in VM , idle most of the time , and activated when
VM needs memory .
d . Class itself is not garbage collected .
- Runtime . gc (); Runtime . runFinalization () pair
- Object finalization .
38. Clonable Interface ( 67 )
- Signature . protected Object clone () --> public Object clone ()
- Why can 't change ' Object ' to something else: clone() is inherited.
- CloneNotSupportedException
39. Variables (73)
boolean true, false false 1 bit N/A
char Unicode u0000 16 bits u0000 - uFFFF
byte +-integer 0 8 bits -128 - 127
short +-integer 0 16 bits -32768 - 32767
int +-integer 0 32 bits
long +-integer 0 64 bits
float IEEE 754 0.0f 32 bits
double IEEE 754 0.0 64 bits
40. Primitive vs. non primitive type (75)
- Declare: declare a non-primitive type, the memory is not allocated, only a generic
type;
- NullPointException: usually mean when a massage was sent to a null reference.
41. Wrapper class (77)
- Container class (Linked List)
- Def: Are classes whose instance is an object representatives of primitive values.
It can be thought of as classes having single instance variable of
corresponding primitive type.
- Wrapper classes are immutable.
- vs. Integer i = new Integer(5); vs. int i = 5;
42. Equality Operators (81)
- == apply to references to objects;
- s1 = "santa"; s2 = "santa" --> (s1==s2) is true only for String.
43. Array (84)
- Is objects.
- Are implicitly created; can' t be explicitly created ; can 't be extended; Is
an immediate subclass of Objects; can' t be extended .
- Two way to create array ( three ?)
* special initialize syntax
* explicitly supplies the size with new
* both int [] countdown = new int [] { 1 , 2 , 3 }
- Once created , length become rvalue .
- Y [].class. getSuperclass (). getName () --> Object
- Shallow copy vs . System . arraycopy ( stats , 0 , statsCopy , 0 , 4 );
arrayCopy has more flexibility .
44. Exception ( 89 )
- Def : During execution of your code , certain conditions often occur that usually
prevent further execution unless something is done to correct the situation .
this condition are commonly called an error or Exception .
- Example : divide by 0 ; sending msg to null ; Array index out bound ;
reading from closed file ; method argument out of range .
- try {} catch [ finally ] mechanism . catch like 'switch' , finally will alwas
executed .
- Exception objects : are used to pass info about exception .
- checked vs . unchecked
must include in the signature or. not .
- Four options we have when invoke a method that declare a checked exception :
a . consume it ;
b . fishing ( can change message )
c . map it ;
d . propagate .
- Subclass can ' t throws added exception
45. AWT
- EventHandeler add to Component
- level 1: Graphics
level 2: Canvas <--- MouseEvenetHandler
Level 3. Panel, window
level 4: Applet, Frame <--- WindowEvenetHandler
- paint() vs. repaint() [calls update()
whole pane vs. asynchronous (animation)
- AWT vs. Swing
peer vs non-peer; fast vs. slow; platform dependent or not.
46. Drawbacks on drawing directly on a window
- virtually impossible to predict the size of the drawable portion of the window.
- Drawing from scratch and process low-level mouse clickd is a tedious and
overwhelming programming task.
- Way out: Component based GUI development.
47. Canvas (105)
- is not a container
- it encapsulate a drawing area.
- size of the drawing area = size of the component
- no tile bar
48. Four steps to create GUI
- Create the conponent (Button bOk = new Button("OK") )
- add the conponents to a container (container are also conponent)
- Arrange (layout) the component within their container
- Handle the event generated by the conponents by registering approperate event
listner that implements the event handling procedure
- Frame is the only container which have a menu bar:
MenuBar
|
|---- Menu
|
|---- Menu
|
|---- Menu --- MenuItem (setActionCommand("new");
setShortCut(new MenuShortCut(KeyEvent.VK_N)
49. Applets
- Run application: Start the VM(interpreter) & suplying a compiled class that
contains an entry point to the program -- static main() method.
- Applet is a application that can executed by a web browser as a part of html tag.
Common methods: - getParameter("text");
- size().width;
- init, start, paint, stop, destroy
50. Security restriction imposed on untrusted applets;
- r/w to loacl file system
- create network connection only to the host of origin (where .class file came)
- exit java interpreter via. System.exit();
- spawn new process via. Runtime.exec();
- open window without warning
- initiate print job.
- access system clipboard
- modify system properties, and read user specific system propertis, such as
user.home, user.dir
51. De-serialize a file on a web server
- getDocumentBase() (.html pape dir)
getCodeBase() (.class directory)
- examle:
import java.applet.Applet; java.io.*; java.net.*;
class MyApplet extends Applet {
public void init()
{
URL file = null;
file = new URL(getDocumentBase(), "data/grade.ser");
// need catch MalformedURLException.
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream (
file.openStream() );
_grade = (Grade) in.readObject();
}
}
- face = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "img/face.jpg");
hello = getAudioClip (getDocumentBase(), "snd/hello.au");
52. Thread (136)
- light-weight process running within heavy-weight processes of the OpSys level;
reduce the overhead; schduling much simple; sharing data (memeroy)
- create thread must create a class that implements Runnable interface with a single
method: void run()
- t.start(); t.join()
- thread death shou
object is instance of class. object may hold a state which can be
manipulated at run time .
class is object template . Class is used to create objects and specify
their behaviors .
class is an object too ; they are instance of 'Class' class when loaded by
VM .
2. Message vs . Method
Message is a way for object to provide service to its user .
The user request service from an object through sending a message ( properly
signatured ) to that object .
A Method is a set of instructions to manipulate an object . Accessible
Methods specify how a message ( with the same signature ) should be handled
by an object . Accessible method can be invoked by a message to an object .
3. Static(class) variable vs . Instance variable vs . static(class) method
Every variables must be typed ( primitive or not );
Static(class) variables : are common to all objects ( instances ) of the same
class. Static(class) variable is initialized when
class is loaded .
Memory allocated on Heap .
Instance variables : are unique to each object created by a particular
class. Instance variable is initialized during
class instantiation .
Memory allocated on Heap .
Local Variables : Declared 1. Inside a block statement ;
2. As a method parameter ;
3. Inside For- Loop ;
4. On a try {} catch statement
Memory allocated on stack .
Never initialized by default;
Static(class) method :
a . Invocation :
Can be invoked by prefixing it with class name
(or instance name ) and dot notation ( no dynamic
binding , polymorphism does not apply );
Not invoked as a message to an object since no
object may exit at the time ;
No need for object creation or instantiation ;
b . Restriction :
Can 't access instance variables;
Can' t use 'this' , 'super'
4. Private , Protected , Public , Package members ( are called Member access
modifier )
Private : Accessible only from methods of the host class. Private method
is consided not to be inherited at all ;
Public : Accessible by any object ;
Protected : Accessible from methods of the host class and its Subclass
( children , grandchildren ). Member is private to all outsiders .
Package ( omitted ): Accessible to all classes that belong to the same
package , but not to subclass in other packages .
5. Interface
Definition : It is a promise that your class will implement certain methods
with certain signatures ; Simply reserve behavior for classes
that implement them ; Marker interface are used to label
property of the class which implements it ;
Why : Are used to augment single inheritance mechanism ; Better
solution than aggregation & forwarding ;
Property : All members in interface are public & abstract ( omitted );
No static methods allowed .
All variables can only be Constants (static & final , omitted );
( There are constants only interface ); No instance field
allowed .
Interface have multi - inheritance , do not have a single
top - level ( root ) interface .
No static method allowed .
A class implements an interface must implement all its methods
to avoid abstract feature .
Extend : Two ways to extend interface : add new methods ; define new
constance ;
Interface vs . Abstract class:
Interface are special ( similar ) abstract class that do not
define instance variables ( but can define constants ) with
all methods be abstract ; ( SAME )
a . Single vs . multi - inheritance ;
b . All member abstract or not ; ( DIFFERENCE )
Advantage : Enable multi - inheritance since ( no instance variable ;
Methods only have signatures ); Constant can 't be inherited,
but can be used.
6. Abstract Class
Definition: A class labeled as abstract which will prevent any one from
instantiating the class;
Why: Principle of OO design - to declare common behavior as
early as possible in the IS-A hierarchy; Doing so, some
implementation difficult may arise.
How: Declare the method as abstract with no body,
ex. public abstract float getArea(); Java require us to
label the class as abstract.
Notes: Subclass abstract or not;
7. OO Program
A program describe interactions between a collection of objects which are
designed to model some aspects of the real world.
Key features of objects: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
8. Bytecode vs. VM
Platform independent vs. platform dependent.
Bytecode is generated by compiler, which is not a machine code (can' t be
run by OS directly ), which will be interpreted by VM at run time .
9. Applets
Small Java applications and execute in the client 's VM (With Web browser)
10. SecurityManager Objects
An object that severely restricts applets' s access to local resource .
11. Java va . HTML
Java is a stand along program language , usually has nothing to do
with HTML ; HTML was extended to incorporate Java Applets .
12. Programming by Contract
An way to program which enable the use of members ( usually method ) of
a class without the need to refer to its implementation details .
13. Mutator vs . Accessor
Report state vs . modify state of an object .
14. Procedure Call vs . Method Invocation
Difference : In addition to the parameters explicitly supplied with a
message , a method also has access to the internal state of
the object and can manipulate the said state to archive the
desired result .
15. Constructor vs . Method
Naming : Constructor must have the same name as the class;
Methods usually don 't have the same name as class;
(But method can have the same name as class)
Invocation: Constructor is invoked when class is instantiated (new
operator applied); not as a result of message received.
Methods are invoked when messages (with the same signature)
are received by objects;
Returning: Constructor has no return type;
Methods must have return type (void is a return type too);
Common: They are usually public (private utility constructor or
methods);
They can be several constructor and same name methods which
must differ in signature;
They can call each other;
16. Advantages of Encapsulation
Enable the creator of class to upgrade, enhance the implementation
later on.
17. Four Steps of New Operator
a. Allocate memory;
b. assign default value to instance variables;
c. invoke the constructor;
d. Assign object to an identifier (like myCar);
18. CarTest, CarTest.class vs. CarTest.java
Bytecode, Bytecode vs. Java source code
19. Pointer vs. Class Definition
20. This
this(); call other constructor.
this reference to object itself.
21. Final class, method, variable
Final class: a class that can' t be parent or can 't be extended (like
String);
Final method: Methods can' t be overridden . ( adv . 1. fix certain behavior ;
2. disable dynamic binding )
Final variable : Once initialized , their value can 't be changed (you can
only assign its value once);
Blank finals: Are final variables that are declared and initialized separately.
22. Common Methods of Object
toString, equals, clone
23. Three Ways of Entending Class
a. overriding existing methods;
b. adding new instance variable;
c. adding new methods;
24. What is Constructor Chaining
The ability for subclass' s constructor automatically invoke
super () the first things first , in case that your didn 't put
one there;
25. Override must match signature (in name, number, parameter type and
access modifier)
26. Package vs. Defaut Package
Collection of related classes;
Don' t need "to create" , come into existence when you declare it .
27. Package Hierarchy vs . Class Hierarchy
Package has no top - level , all - encompassing root ;
Is a mechanism for creating class library ; Every class must have at least one
parents except Objects .
adv : ( a ). Seperate different class design ;
( b ). Avoid name clash
( c ). Information sharing .
28. Full class Name vs . Exception
Full class name : Prefix the class name with its package name and dot
notation .
Exception :
a . class name immediately following the class keyword ;
b . class belong to the same package as the class being currently
defined ;
c . class us explicitly specified in one of the import statement .
d . class belong to java . lang package ( which are implicitly imported )
29. Import vs . #include
30. Java .class. path system property
31. str1 == str2 vs . str1 . equals ( str2 )
ex . str1 = "abcd" ; str2 = "abcd" .
TRUE vs . TRUE . 仅仅字符串特殊,当产生""这种形式时.它是用字符串池中寻找,找到了则赋值,所以==相等
32. class reflection
Definition : The ability to exam classes (list of methods and
constructors ; its super class) from within programs .
Why : class is an instance of Class belongTo java . lang
when VM load a class.
Example : Three method to obtain a reference to Class instance :
String .class();
Class. forName ( "abc" );
"abc" . getClass ().
A complex one :
Class c = Color .class();
Field f = c . getField ( txtColor );
Color realColor ( Color ) f . get ( null ); // null for Static
33. Polymorphism
An object 's ability to decide what method to apply to itself, depending on
where it is in the inheritance hierarchy, is usually called Polymorphism.
34. Type of object
Consist its class & all interfaces that it implements.
35. Lay Out Manager;
FlowLayout: default for Applets (Panels)
Like a word processor; Component can be centered, aligned;
Component never resized; Maybe partially displayed or not at all
if there is no space left.
BorderLayout: default for Frame (all windows)
Five regions; Can' t reserve vertical size and no size for the center .
CardLayout :
GridLayout & GridBayLayout ,
BoxLayout
An example :
f . setSize ( 200 , 100 );
<----- f . setLayout (new java . awt . FlowLayout ());
MyDrawing d = new MyDrawing ();
f . add ( d );
d . setSize ( 100 , 50 ); // Ignore or Not
f . show ()
36. Three way of extending class ( 55 )
new, clone , de - serialize
37. When will object be destroyed ( 55 )
a . automatically marked for GC when it is no longer referenced ;
b . destroyed for real when VM low on memory ;
c . GC runs on separate thread in VM , idle most of the time , and activated when
VM needs memory .
d . Class itself is not garbage collected .
- Runtime . gc (); Runtime . runFinalization () pair
- Object finalization .
38. Clonable Interface ( 67 )
- Signature . protected Object clone () --> public Object clone ()
- Why can 't change ' Object ' to something else: clone() is inherited.
- CloneNotSupportedException
39. Variables (73)
boolean true, false false 1 bit N/A
char Unicode u0000 16 bits u0000 - uFFFF
byte +-integer 0 8 bits -128 - 127
short +-integer 0 16 bits -32768 - 32767
int +-integer 0 32 bits
long +-integer 0 64 bits
float IEEE 754 0.0f 32 bits
double IEEE 754 0.0 64 bits
40. Primitive vs. non primitive type (75)
- Declare: declare a non-primitive type, the memory is not allocated, only a generic
type;
- NullPointException: usually mean when a massage was sent to a null reference.
41. Wrapper class (77)
- Container class (Linked List)
- Def: Are classes whose instance is an object representatives of primitive values.
It can be thought of as classes having single instance variable of
corresponding primitive type.
- Wrapper classes are immutable.
- vs. Integer i = new Integer(5); vs. int i = 5;
42. Equality Operators (81)
- == apply to references to objects;
- s1 = "santa"; s2 = "santa" --> (s1==s2) is true only for String.
43. Array (84)
- Is objects.
- Are implicitly created; can' t be explicitly created ; can 't be extended; Is
an immediate subclass of Objects; can' t be extended .
- Two way to create array ( three ?)
* special initialize syntax
* explicitly supplies the size with new
* both int [] countdown = new int [] { 1 , 2 , 3 }
- Once created , length become rvalue .
- Y [].class. getSuperclass (). getName () --> Object
- Shallow copy vs . System . arraycopy ( stats , 0 , statsCopy , 0 , 4 );
arrayCopy has more flexibility .
44. Exception ( 89 )
- Def : During execution of your code , certain conditions often occur that usually
prevent further execution unless something is done to correct the situation .
this condition are commonly called an error or Exception .
- Example : divide by 0 ; sending msg to null ; Array index out bound ;
reading from closed file ; method argument out of range .
- try {} catch [ finally ] mechanism . catch like 'switch' , finally will alwas
executed .
- Exception objects : are used to pass info about exception .
- checked vs . unchecked
must include in the signature or. not .
- Four options we have when invoke a method that declare a checked exception :
a . consume it ;
b . fishing ( can change message )
c . map it ;
d . propagate .
- Subclass can ' t throws added exception
45. AWT
- EventHandeler add to Component
- level 1: Graphics
level 2: Canvas <--- MouseEvenetHandler
Level 3. Panel, window
level 4: Applet, Frame <--- WindowEvenetHandler
- paint() vs. repaint() [calls update()
whole pane vs. asynchronous (animation)
- AWT vs. Swing
peer vs non-peer; fast vs. slow; platform dependent or not.
46. Drawbacks on drawing directly on a window
- virtually impossible to predict the size of the drawable portion of the window.
- Drawing from scratch and process low-level mouse clickd is a tedious and
overwhelming programming task.
- Way out: Component based GUI development.
47. Canvas (105)
- is not a container
- it encapsulate a drawing area.
- size of the drawing area = size of the component
- no tile bar
48. Four steps to create GUI
- Create the conponent (Button bOk = new Button("OK") )
- add the conponents to a container (container are also conponent)
- Arrange (layout) the component within their container
- Handle the event generated by the conponents by registering approperate event
listner that implements the event handling procedure
- Frame is the only container which have a menu bar:
MenuBar
|
|---- Menu
|
|---- Menu
|
|---- Menu --- MenuItem (setActionCommand("new");
setShortCut(new MenuShortCut(KeyEvent.VK_N)
49. Applets
- Run application: Start the VM(interpreter) & suplying a compiled class that
contains an entry point to the program -- static main() method.
- Applet is a application that can executed by a web browser as a part of html tag.
Common methods: - getParameter("text");
- size().width;
- init, start, paint, stop, destroy
50. Security restriction imposed on untrusted applets;
- r/w to loacl file system
- create network connection only to the host of origin (where .class file came)
- exit java interpreter via. System.exit();
- spawn new process via. Runtime.exec();
- open window without warning
- initiate print job.
- access system clipboard
- modify system properties, and read user specific system propertis, such as
user.home, user.dir
51. De-serialize a file on a web server
- getDocumentBase() (.html pape dir)
getCodeBase() (.class directory)
- examle:
import java.applet.Applet; java.io.*; java.net.*;
class MyApplet extends Applet {
public void init()
{
URL file = null;
file = new URL(getDocumentBase(), "data/grade.ser");
// need catch MalformedURLException.
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream (
file.openStream() );
_grade = (Grade) in.readObject();
}
}
- face = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "img/face.jpg");
hello = getAudioClip (getDocumentBase(), "snd/hello.au");
52. Thread (136)
- light-weight process running within heavy-weight processes of the OpSys level;
reduce the overhead; schduling much simple; sharing data (memeroy)
- create thread must create a class that implements Runnable interface with a single
method: void run()
- t.start(); t.join()
- thread death shou
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