#include <vector> #include <stdexcept> #include <iostream> #include <deque> #include <cstdlib> //std::vector<T> 是CONT的缺省值(缺省模板实参) template <typename T, typename CONT = std::vector<T> > class Stack { private: CONT elems; // elements public: void push(T const&); // push element void pop(); // pop element T top() const; // return top element bool empty() const { // return whether the stack is empty return elems.empty(); } }; template <typename T, typename CONT> void Stack<T,CONT>::push (T const& elem) { elems.push_back(elem); // append copy of passed elem } template <typename T, typename CONT> void Stack<T,CONT>::pop () { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): empty stack"); } elems.pop_back(); // remove last element } template <typename T, typename CONT> T Stack<T,CONT>::top () const { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): empty stack"); } return elems.back(); // return copy of last element } int main() { try { // stack of ints: Stack<int> intStack; // stack of doubles which uses a std::deque<> to manage the elements Stack<double,std::deque<double> > dblStack; // manipulate int stack intStack.push(7); std::cout << intStack.top() << std::endl; intStack.pop(); // manipulate double stack dblStack.push(42.42); std::cout << dblStack.top() << std::endl; dblStack.pop(); dblStack.pop(); } catch (std::exception const& ex) { std::cerr << "Exception: " << ex.what() << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; // exit program with ERROR status } }