《深入浅出Python》3 文件与异常

准备工作

创建一个文件夹，存放sketch.txt 文件

sketch.txt 文件内容如下

Man: Is this the right room for an argument?
Other Man: I've told you once.
Man: No you haven't!
Other Man: Yes I have.
Man: When?
Other Man: Just now.
Man: No you didn't!
Other Man: Yes I did!
Man: You didn't!
Other Man: I'm telling you, I did!
Man: You did not!
Other Man: Oh I'm sorry, is this a five minute argument, or the full half hour?
Man: Ah! (taking out his wallet and paying) Just the five minutes.
Other Man: Just the five minutes. Thank you.
Other Man: Anyway, I did.
Man: You most certainly did not!
Other Man: Now let's get one thing quite clear: I most definitely told you!
Man: Oh no you didn't!
Other Man: Oh yes I did!
Man: Oh no you didn't!
Other Man: Oh yes I did!
Man: Oh look, this isn't an argument!
(pause)
Other Man: Yes it is!
Man: No it isn't!
(pause)
Man: It's just contradiction!
Other Man: No it isn't!
Man: It IS!
Other Man: It is NOT!
Man: You just contradicted me!
Other Man: No I didn't!
Man: You DID!
Other Man: No no no!
Man: You did just then!
Other Man: Nonsense!
Man: (exasperated) Oh, this is futile!!
(pause)
Other Man: No it isn't!
Man: Yes it is!

>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Users\\gaomy\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python36'
>>> os.chdir('D:\Study\IT_Python\Demo\HeadFirstPython\chapter3')
>>> os.getcwd()
'D:\Study\\IT_Python\\Demo\\HeadFirstPython\\chapter3'
>>> data.open('sketch.txt')
>>> print(data.readline(),end='')
Man: Is this the right room for an argument?
>>> data.seek(0)
0

功能代码

1. 方法一：（额外代码）
   打开文件，处理文件中的每一行，不过只是在确定数据行符合所需的格式之后才进行处理，这是通过检查数据行中是否有一个“：”字符来做到的。如果找到了“：”，则处理这个数据行，否则就将这个数据行忽略。所有工作完成时，关闭数据文件。如果文件未找到，最后你会得到一个友好的消息。

data = open('sketch.txt')
for  each_line in data:
	if not each_line.find(':') == -1:
		(role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
		print(role,end='')
		print('said: ',end='')
		print(line_spoken,end='')
data.close()

2. 方法二：（异常处理程序）
   打开一个数据文件，处理这个文件中的各个数据行，抽取感兴趣的数据，并显示在屏幕上完成后关闭文件，如果出现任何一场，这个代码会进行处理。

data = open('sketch.txt')
for  each_line in data:
   try:
   	(role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
   	print(role,end='')
   	print('said: ',end='')
   	print(line_spoken,end='')
   except:
   	pass
data.close()	    

3. 方法三（特定指定异常）
   异常处理代码设计为处理一种特定类型的错误，并在except代码行上指定错误类型。这样就可以把一般化的异常处理代码转变为具有特定性。

data = open('sketch.txt')
try:
	for each_line in data:
		try:
			(role,line_spoken)=each_line.split(':')
			print(role,end='')
			print('said: ',end='')
			print(line_spoken,end='')
		except ValueError:
			pass
	data.close()
except IOError:
	print('The data file is missing!')

要点

1. 对文件进行简单的操作：
2. 当前目录：os.getcwd()
3. 跳转到指定目录：os.chdir('D:\Study\IT_Python\Demo\HeadFirstPython\chapter3')
4. 打开文件：data.open('sketch.txt')
5. 读取文件：print(data.readline(),end='')
6. 回到文件起始位置：data.seek(0)
7. 将字符串分解为一个子串列表：split()
8. Python中不可改变的常量列表称为元组（Tuple）。一旦将列表数据赋给一个元组，就不能再改变。元组是不可改变的。
9. 数据不符合期望的格式时会出现ValueError。
10. 数据无法正常访问时会出现IOError（例如：数据文件被移走或重命名）。
11. find()方法会在一个字符串中查找一个特定子串。
12. not 关键字将一个条件取反。
13. try/except语句提供了一个异常处理机制，从而保护可能导致运行时错误的某些代码行。
14. pass语句就是Python的空语句或null语句，它啥也不做。