一、前言
Java21版本于 2023 年 9 月 19 日发布,自从 Java 改为 6 个月发布一个版本以来,此为如期交付的第 12 个版本。Java21 是 Java 17之后的目前最新的 LTS版本(长期技术支持版本),其中备受关注的新特性是虚拟线程和分带ZGC。虚拟线程在 Java 21中将成为正式功能。Java 21 有望将会成为继 java8 之后又一个流行的 Java 版本。
接下来,让我们一探究竟,和大家分享Java21的新特性。
二、Java21更新内容介绍
官方release公告:https://jdk.java.net/21/release-notes
三、JDK21官方下载地址
OpenJDK 版本:https://jdk.java.net/21/
Oracle 版本:https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/
四、新特性汇总
4.1 序列集合
@Slf4j
public class SequencedCollectionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 创建一个Sequenced Collection
List<String> sequencedList = new ArrayList<>();
// 添加元素
sequencedList.add("A");
sequencedList.add("B");
sequencedList.add("C");
sequencedList.add("D");
log.info("倒序输出:{}",sequencedList.reversed());
log.info("JAVA8获取首元素:{}",sequencedList.get(0));
log.info("JAVA21获取首元素:{}",sequencedList.getFirst());
log.info("JAVA8获取尾元素:{}",sequencedList.get(sequencedList.size() - 1));
log.info("JAVA21获取尾元素:{}",sequencedList.getLast());
// 删除首个元素
sequencedList.removeFirst();
// 删除末尾元素
sequencedList.removeLast();
log.info("删除首尾元素后:{}",sequencedList);
}
}
4.2 记录模式
public class RecordTest {
record Point(int x, int y) {}
record Size(int width, int height) { }
record WindowFrame(Point origin, Size size) { }
static void printSum(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof Point p) {
int x = p.x();
int y = p.y();
System.out.println(x+y);
}
}
static void printSumRecord(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof Point(int x, int y)) {
System.out.println(x+y);
}
}
static void printHeight(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof WindowFrame wf) {
if (wf.size() != null) {
System.out.println("Height: " + wf.size().height());
}
}
}
static void printHeightRecord(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof WindowFrame(Point origin, Size(int width, int height))) {
System.out.println("Height: " + height);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
printSum(new Point(1, 2));
printSumRecord(new Point(1, 2));
printHeight(new WindowFrame(new Point(1, 2), new Size(3, 4)));
printHeightRecord(new WindowFrame(new Point(1, 2), new Size(3, 4)));
}
}
4.3 switch模式匹配
public class SwitchDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 单匹配,不用再写break,支持返回值
System.out.println(swtichTest01());
// 执行多行代码,可使用yield返回
// System.out.println(swtichTest02());
// 多匹配,直接逗号分割
// System.out.println(swtichTest03());
// 匹配增强
// System.out.println(formatter(1));
// System.out.println(formatterPatternSwitch(100L));
// 对于null处理
// testFooBar(null);
}
public static String swtichTest01() {
String day = "MONDAY";
return switch (day) {
case "MONDAY" -> "星期1";
case "TUESDAY" -> "星期2";
case "WEDNESDAY" -> "星期3";
case "THURSDAY" -> "星期4";
case "FRIDAY" -> "星期5";
case "SATURDAY" -> "星期6";
case "SUNDAY" -> "星期7";
default -> "未知";
};
}
public static String swtichTest02() {
String day = "MONDAY";
return switch (day) {
case "MONDAY" -> {
System.out.println("周一...");
yield "星期1";
}
case "TUESDAY" -> "星期2";
case "WEDNESDAY" -> "星期3";
case "THURSDAY" -> "星期4";
case "FRIDAY" -> "星期5";
case "SATURDAY" -> "星期6";
case "SUNDAY" -> "星期7";
default -> "未知";
};
}
public static String swtichTest03() {
String day = "SATURDAY";
return switch (day) {
case "MONDAY" -> {
System.out.println("周一...");
yield "星期1";
}
case "TUESDAY" -> "星期2";
case "WEDNESDAY" -> "星期3";
case "THURSDAY" -> "星期4";
case "FRIDAY" -> "星期5";
case "SATURDAY","SUNDAY" -> "周末";
default -> "未知";
};
}
// java21版本之前
static String formatter(Object obj) {
String formatted = "unknown";
if (obj instanceof Integer i) {
formatted = String.format("int %d", i);
} else if (obj instanceof Long l) {
formatted = String.format("long %d", l);
} else if (obj instanceof Double d) {
formatted = String.format("double %f", d);
} else if (obj instanceof String s) {
formatted = String.format("String %s", s);
}
return formatted;
}
//java21
static String formatterPatternSwitch(Object obj) {
return switch (obj) {
case Integer i -> String.format("int %d", i);
case Long l -> String.format("long %d", l);
case Double d -> String.format("double %f", d);
case String s -> String.format("String %s", s);
default -> obj.toString();
};
}
static void testFooBar(String s) {
switch (s) {
case null -> System.out.println("Oops");
case "Foo", "Bar" -> System.out.println("Great");
default -> System.out.println("Ok");
}
}
}
4.4 虚拟线程
public class VirtualThreadsDemo {
/**
* 基于8个线程池实现的虚拟线程
* 执行10000个任务,每个任务耗时100毫秒,总共耗费3515毫秒
*/
public static void virtualThread(int count) throws InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();
StopWatcher stopWatcher = new StopWatcher();
stopWatcher.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(count);
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
executorService.submit(new TestRunner(countDownLatch));
// CompletableFuture.runAsync(new TestRunner(countDownLatch), Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor());
}
countDownLatch.await();
stopWatcher.stop();
System.out.printf("本次执行耗时:%s毫秒", stopWatcher.getTimeInterval().toMillis());
}
/**
* 基于7个池化线程
* 执行一万个任务,每个任务耗时100毫秒 156459毫秒
*/
public static void platformThread(int count) throws InterruptedException {
StopWatcher stopWatcher = new StopWatcher();
stopWatcher.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(count);
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
CompletableFuture.runAsync(new TestRunner(countDownLatch));
}
countDownLatch.await();
stopWatcher.stop();
System.out.printf("本次执行耗时:%s毫秒", stopWatcher.getTimeInterval().toMillis());
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// 虚拟线程
// virtualThread(10_000);
// 平台线程
platformThread(10_000);
}
public static class TestRunner implements Runnable {
private final CountDownLatch countDownLatch;
public TestRunner(CountDownLatch countDownLatch) {
this.countDownLatch = countDownLatch;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
// System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " start " + new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date()));
Thread.sleep(100);
// System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " stop " + new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date()));
countDownLatch.countDown();
// 未命名模式和变量
} catch (Exception _) {
System.out.println("An error has occurred!");
}
}
}
public static class StopWatcher {
private long start;
private long stop;
public StopWatcher() {
}
public void start() {
this.start = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
public void stop() {
this.stop = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
public Duration getTimeInterval() {
return Duration.ofMillis(this.stop - this.start);
}
}
}
五、总结
他强由他强,清风拂山冈;
他横由他横,明月照大江;
他发任他发,我用Java8;