test

/*
 *    Connect to a remote host. There is regrettably still a little
 *    TCP 'magic' in here.
 */
int inet_stream_connect(struct socket *sock, struct sockaddr *uaddr,
            int addr_len, int flags)
{
    struct sock *sk = sock->sk;
    int err;
    long timeo;

    lock_sock(sk);

    if (uaddr->sa_family == AF_UNSPEC) {
        err = sk->sk_prot->disconnect(sk, flags);
        sock->state = err ? SS_DISCONNECTING : SS_UNCONNECTED;
        goto out;
    }

    switch (sock->state) {
    default:
        err = -EINVAL;
        goto out;
    case SS_CONNECTED:
        err = -EISCONN;
        goto out;
    case SS_CONNECTING:
        err = -EALREADY;
        /* Fall out of switch with err, set for this state */
        break;
    /* sock->state在inet_create时被设置为SS_UNCONNECTED */
    case SS_UNCONNECTED:
        err = -EISCONN;
        /* 在inet_create中调用的sock_init_data函数中sk->sk_state被初始化为TCP_CLOSE */
        /* 在inet_create中sk->sk_prot->init中同样会被初始化为TCP_CLOSE，init对应了tcp_v4_init_sock函数，初始化的动作重复了 */        
        if (sk->sk_state != TCP_CLOSE)
            goto out;

        /* 对应tcp_prot.connect，即tcp_v4_connect */
        err = sk->sk_prot->connect(sk, uaddr, addr_len);
        if (err < 0)
            goto out;
        
        /× 更新当前状态为SS_CONNECTING ×/
        sock->state = SS_CONNECTING;

        /* Just entered SS_CONNECTING state; the only
         * difference is that return value in non-blocking
         * case is EINPROGRESS, rather than EALREADY.
         */
        err = -EINPROGRESS;
        break;
    }
   
    timeo = sock_sndtimeo(sk, flags & O_NONBLOCK);

    if ((1 << sk->sk_state) & (TCPF_SYN_SENT | TCPF_SYN_RECV)) {
        /* Error code is set above */
        if (!timeo || !inet_wait_for_connect(sk, timeo))
            goto out;

        err = sock_intr_errno(timeo);
        if (signal_pending(current))
            goto out;
    }

    /* Connection was closed by RST, timeout, ICMP error
     * or another process disconnected us.
     */
    if (sk->sk_state == TCP_CLOSE)
        goto sock_error;

    /* sk->sk_err may be not zero now, if RECVERR was ordered by user
     * and error was received after socket entered established state.
     * Hence, it is handled normally after connect() return successfully.
     */

    sock->state = SS_CONNECTED;
    err = 0;
out:
    release_sock(sk);
    return err;

sock_error:
    err = sock_error(sk) ? : -ECONNABORTED;
    sock->state = SS_UNCONNECTED;
    if (sk->sk_prot->disconnect(sk, flags))
        sock->state = SS_DISCONNECTING;
    goto out;

/* This will initiate an outgoing connection. */
int tcp_v4_connect(struct sock *sk, struct sockaddr *uaddr, int addr_len)
{
    struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk);
    struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
    struct sockaddr_in *usin = (struct sockaddr_in *)uaddr;
    struct rtable *rt;
    __be32 daddr, nexthop;
    int tmp;
    int err;
    struct ip_options *inet_opt;
    
    /* 检查一下地址长度和协议族类型 */
    if (addr_len < sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))
        return -EINVAL;

    if (usin->sin_family != AF_INET)
        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;

    /× 将nexthop和daddr暂时初始化为目标地址 ×/
    nexthop = daddr = usin->sin_addr.s_addr;
    inet_opt = rcu_dereference(inet->opt);
    /× 如果指定了源路由选项,则按照指定的下一跳进行处理 ×/
    if (inet_opt && inet_opt->srr) {
        if (!daddr)
            return -EINVAL;
        nexthop = inet_opt->faddr;
    }
    /× 本地发包需要确认源IP地址和源端口，如果没有提供源IP地址会通过路由查找过程中的inet_select_addr来选择源地址 ×/
    /× 路由查找成功后会生成路由缓存项，可以加速后续报文的发送，下面函数返回路由缓存项，包含源IP地址 ×/
    tmp = ip_route_connect(&rt, nexthop, inet->saddr,
             RT_CONN_FLAGS(sk), sk->sk_bound_dev_if,
             IPPROTO_TCP,
             inet->sport, usin->sin_port, sk, 1);
    if (tmp < 0) {
        if (tmp == -ENETUNREACH)
            IP_INC_STATS_BH(sock_net(sk), IPSTATS_MIB_OUTNOROUTES);
        return tmp;
    }
    /× 正常TCP连接查找到的都是单播路由 ×/
    if (rt->rt_flags & (RTCF_MULTICAST | RTCF_BROADCAST)) {
        ip_rt_put(rt);
        return -ENETUNREACH;
    }
    /* 使用查完路由后的目的地址更新临时daddr,有可能与用户传入的目的地址不同 */
    if (!inet_opt || !inet_opt->srr)
        daddr = rt->rt_dst;
    /* 如果没有指定源地址,则使用路由选择的源地址 */
    if (!inet->saddr)
        inet->saddr = rt->rt_src;
    inet->rcv_saddr = inet->saddr;
    
    if (tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp && inet->daddr != daddr) {
        /* Reset inherited state */
        tp->rx_opt.ts_recent     = 0;
        tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp = 0;
        tp->write_seq         = 0;
    }

    if (tcp_death_row.sysctl_tw_recycle &&
     !tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp && rt->rt_dst == daddr) {
        struct inet_peer *peer = rt_get_peer(rt);
        /*
         * VJ's idea. We save last timestamp seen from
         * the destination in peer table, when entering state
         * TIME-WAIT * and initialize rx_opt.ts_recent from it,
         * when trying new connection.
         */
        if (peer != NULL &&
         peer->tcp_ts_stamp + TCP_PAWS_MSL >= get_seconds()) {
            tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp = peer->tcp_ts_stamp;
            tp->rx_opt.ts_recent = peer->tcp_ts;
        }
    }
    /* 记录目的端口和目的IP */
    inet->dport = usin->sin_port;
    inet->daddr = daddr;
    /× 设置IP选项的长度 ×/
    inet_csk(sk)->icsk_ext_hdr_len = 0;
    if (inet_opt)
        inet_csk(sk)->icsk_ext_hdr_len = inet_opt->optlen;
    /× 允许的最小MSS ×/
    tp->rx_opt.mss_clamp = 536;

    /* Socket identity is still unknown (sport may be zero).
     * However we set state to SYN-SENT and not releasing socket
     * lock select source port, enter ourselves into the hash tables and
     * complete initialization after this.
     */
    /× 马上要发送SYN了，所以可以更新sk->sk_state状态值了 ×/
    tcp_set_state(sk, TCP_SYN_SENT);
    /× 进行端口选择，并与sk绑定，下面会重点分析一下 ×/
    err = inet_hash_connect(&tcp_death_row, sk);
    if (err)
        goto failure;
    /×  使用sport更新路由缓存表 ×/
    err = ip_route_newports(&rt, IPPROTO_TCP,
                inet->sport, inet->dport, sk);
    if (err)
        goto failure;

    /* OK, now commit destination to socket. */
    /× 更新sock的路由缓存项，设置gso标签 ×/
    sk->sk_gso_type = SKB_GSO_TCPV4;
    sk_setup_caps(sk, &rt->u.dst);
    
    /× 计算发送第一个报文的初始化序列号 ×/
    if (!tp->write_seq)
        tp->write_seq = secure_tcp_sequence_number(inet->saddr,
                             inet->daddr,
                             inet->sport,
                             usin->sin_port);
    /× 计算IP报文ID ×/
    inet->id = tp->write_seq ^ jiffies;
    /× 发送SYN报文 ×/ 
    err = tcp_connect(sk);
    rt = NULL;
    if (err)
        goto failure;

    return 0;

failure:
    /*
     * This unhashes the socket and releases the local port,
     * if necessary.
     */
    tcp_set_state(sk, TCP_CLOSE);
    ip_rt_put(rt);
    sk->sk_route_caps = 0;
    inet->dport = 0;
    return err;
}

/* This will initiate an outgoing connection. */
int tcp_v4_connect(struct sock *sk, struct sockaddr *uaddr, int addr_len)
{
    struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk);
    struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
    struct sockaddr_in *usin = (struct sockaddr_in *)uaddr;
    struct rtable *rt;
    __be32 daddr, nexthop;
    int tmp;
    int err;
    struct ip_options *inet_opt;
    
    /* 检查一下地址长度和协议族类型 */
    if (addr_len < sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))
        return -EINVAL;

    if (usin->sin_family != AF_INET)
        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;

    /* 将nexthop和daddr暂时初始化为目标地址 */
    nexthop = daddr = usin->sin_addr.s_addr;
    inet_opt = rcu_dereference(inet->opt);
    /* 如果指定了源路由选项,则按照指定的下一跳进行处理 */
    if (inet_opt && inet_opt->srr) {
        if (!daddr)
            return -EINVAL;
        nexthop = inet_opt->faddr;
    }
    /* 本地发包需要确认源IP地址和源端口，如果没有提供源IP地址会通过路由查找过程中的inet_select_addr来选择源地址 */
    /* 路由查找成功后会生成路由缓存项，可以加速后续报文的发送，下面函数返回路由缓存项，包含源IP地址 */
    tmp = ip_route_connect(&rt, nexthop, inet->saddr,
             RT_CONN_FLAGS(sk), sk->sk_bound_dev_if,
             IPPROTO_TCP,
             inet->sport, usin->sin_port, sk, 1);
    if (tmp < 0) {
        if (tmp == -ENETUNREACH)
            IP_INC_STATS_BH(sock_net(sk), IPSTATS_MIB_OUTNOROUTES);
        return tmp;
    }
    /* 正常TCP连接查找到的都是单播路由 */
    if (rt->rt_flags & (RTCF_MULTICAST | RTCF_BROADCAST)) {
        ip_rt_put(rt);
        return -ENETUNREACH;
    }
    /* 使用查完路由后的目的地址更新临时daddr,有可能与用户传入的目的地址不同 */
    if (!inet_opt || !inet_opt->srr)
        daddr = rt->rt_dst;
    /* 如果没有指定源地址,则使用路由选择的源地址 */
    if (!inet->saddr)
        inet->saddr = rt->rt_src;
    inet->rcv_saddr = inet->saddr;
    
    if (tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp && inet->daddr != daddr) {
        /* Reset inherited state */
        tp->rx_opt.ts_recent     = 0;
        tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp = 0;
        tp->write_seq         = 0;
    }

    if (tcp_death_row.sysctl_tw_recycle &&
     !tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp && rt->rt_dst == daddr) {
        struct inet_peer *peer = rt_get_peer(rt);
        /*
         * VJ's idea. We save last timestamp seen from
         * the destination in peer table, when entering state
         * TIME-WAIT * and initialize rx_opt.ts_recent from it,
         * when trying new connection.
         */
        if (peer != NULL &&
         peer->tcp_ts_stamp + TCP_PAWS_MSL >= get_seconds()) {
            tp->rx_opt.ts_recent_stamp = peer->tcp_ts_stamp;
            tp->rx_opt.ts_recent = peer->tcp_ts;
        }
    }
    /* 记录目的端口和目的IP */
    inet->dport = usin->sin_port;
    inet->daddr = daddr;
    /* 设置IP选项的长度 */
    inet_csk(sk)->icsk_ext_hdr_len = 0;
    if (inet_opt)
        inet_csk(sk)->icsk_ext_hdr_len = inet_opt->optlen;
    /* 允许的最小MSS */
    tp->rx_opt.mss_clamp = 536;

    /* Socket identity is still unknown (sport may be zero).
     * However we set state to SYN-SENT and not releasing socket
     * lock select source port, enter ourselves into the hash tables and
     * complete initialization after this.
     */
    /* 马上要发送SYN了，所以可以更新sk->sk_state状态值了 */
    tcp_set_state(sk, TCP_SYN_SENT);
    /* 进行端口选择，并与sk绑定，下面会重点分析一下 */
    err = inet_hash_connect(&tcp_death_row, sk);
    if (err)
        goto failure;
    /*  使用sport更新路由缓存表 */
    err = ip_route_newports(&rt, IPPROTO_TCP,
                inet->sport, inet->dport, sk);
    if (err)
        goto failure;

    /* OK, now commit destination to socket. */
    /* 更新sock的路由缓存项，设置gso标签 */
    sk->sk_gso_type = SKB_GSO_TCPV4;
    sk_setup_caps(sk, &rt->u.dst);
    
    /* 计算发送第一个报文的初始化序列号 */
    if (!tp->write_seq)
        tp->write_seq = secure_tcp_sequence_number(inet->saddr,
                             inet->daddr,
                             inet->sport,
                             usin->sin_port);
    /* 计算IP报文ID */
    inet->id = tp->write_seq ^ jiffies;
    /* 发送SYN报文 */ 
    err = tcp_connect(sk);
    rt = NULL;
    if (err)
        goto failure;

    return 0;

failure:
    /*
     * This unhashes the socket and releases the local port,
     * if necessary.
     */
    tcp_set_state(sk, TCP_CLOSE);
    ip_rt_put(rt);
    sk->sk_route_caps = 0;
    inet->dport = 0;
    return err;
}