Redis 简介和基本数据类型
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简介
Redis 是一个开源(BSD许可)的,内存中的数据结构存储系统,它可以用作数据库、缓存和消息中间件。它支持多种类型的数据结构:字符串(strings), 散列(hashes), 列表(lists), 集合(sets), 有序集合(sorted sets) 与范围查询,位图( bitmaps) hyperloglogs 和 地理空间(geospatial) 索引半径查询。Redis 内置了 复制(replication),LUA脚本(Lua scripting), LRU驱动事件(LRU eviction),事务(transactions) 和不同级别的 磁盘持久化(persistence), 并通过 Redis哨兵(Sentinel)和自动 分区(Cluster)提供高可用性(high availability)。
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基本数据类型
基本数据类型 :字符串(strings), 散列(hashes), 列表(lists), 集合(sets), 有序集合(sorted sets)
2.1 字符串(strings)
二进制安全的字符串
通过 客户端命令 help @string 查看 string 的命令help @string APPEND key value summary: Append a value to a key since: 2.0.0 BITCOUNT key [start end] summary: Count set bits in a string since: 2.6.0 BITFIELD key [GET type offset] [SET type offset value] [INCRBY type offset increment] [OVERFLOW WRAP|SAT|FAIL] summary: Perform arbitrary bitfield integer operations on strings since: 3.2.0 BITOP operation destkey key [key ...] summary: Perform bitwise operations between strings since: 2.6.0 BITPOS key bit [start] [end] summary: Find first bit set or clear in a string since: 2.8.7 DECR key summary: Decrement the integer value of a key by one since: 1.0.0 DECRBY key decrement summary: Decrement the integer value of a key by the given number since: 1.0.0 GET key summary: Get the value of a key since: 1.0.0 GETBIT key offset summary: Returns the bit value at offset in the string value stored at key since: 2.2.0 GETRANGE key start end summary: Get a substring of the string stored at a key since: 2.4.0 GETSET key value summary: Set the string value of a key and return its old value since: 1.0.0 INCR key summary: Increment the integer value of a key by one since: 1.0.0 INCRBY key increment summary: Increment the integer value of a key by the given amount since: 1.0.0 INCRBYFLOAT key increment summary: Increment the float value of a key by the given amount since: 2.6.0 MGET key [key ...] summary: Get the values of all the given keys since: 1.0.0 MSET key value [key value ...] summary: Set multiple keys to multiple values since: 1.0.1 MSETNX key value [key value ...] summary: Set multiple keys to multiple values, only if none of the keys exist since: 1.0.1 PSETEX key milliseconds value summary: Set the value and expiration in milliseconds of a key since: 2.6.0 SET key value [EX seconds] [PX milliseconds] [NX|XX] summary: Set the string value of a key since: 1.0.0 SETBIT key offset value summary: Sets or clears the bit at offset in the string value stored at key since: 2.2.0 SETEX key seconds value summary: Set the value and expiration of a key since: 2.0.0 SETNX key value summary: Set the value of a key, only if the key does not exist since: 1.0.0 SETRANGE key offset value summary: Overwrite part of a string at key starting at the specified offset since: 2.2.0 STRLEN key summary: Get the length of the value stored in a key since: 2.2.0
2.2 散列(hashes)
Redis hash 看起来就像一个 “hash” 的样子,value 由键值对组成
help @hash
HDEL key field [field ...]
summary: Delete one or more hash fields
since: 2.0.0
HEXISTS key field
summary: Determine if a hash field exists
since: 2.0.0
HGET key field
summary: Get the value of a hash field
since: 2.0.0
HGETALL key
summary: Get all the fields and values in a hash
since: 2.0.0
HINCRBY key field increment
summary: Increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number
since: 2.0.0
HINCRBYFLOAT key field increment
summary: Increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount
since: 2.6.0
HKEYS key
summary: Get all the fields in a hash
since: 2.0.0
HLEN key
summary: Get the number of fields in a hash
since: 2.0.0
HMGET key field [field ...]
summary: Get the values of all the given hash fields
since: 2.0.0
HMSET key field value [field value ...]
summary: Set multiple hash fields to multiple values
since: 2.0.0
HSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
summary: Incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values
since: 2.8.0
HSET key field value
summary: Set the string value of a hash field
since: 2.0.0
HSETNX key field value
summary: Set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist
since: 2.0.0
HSTRLEN key field
summary: Get the length of the value of a hash field
since: 3.2.0
HVALS key
summary: Get all the values in a hash
since: 2.0.0
例子:
hmset user:1000 username antirez birthyear 1977 verified 1
OK
hget user:1000 username
“antirez”
hget user:1000 birthyear
“1977”
hgetall user:1000
1) “username”
2) “antirez”
3) “birthyear”
4) “1977”
5) “verified”
6) “1”
2.3 列表(lists)
Lists: 按插入顺序排序的字符串元素的集合。他们基本上就是链表(linked lists)。
help @list
BLPOP key [key ...] timeout
summary: Remove and get the first element in a list, or block until one is available
since: 2.0.0
BRPOP key [key ...] timeout
summary: Remove and get the last element in a list, or block until one is available
since: 2.0.0
BRPOPLPUSH source destination timeout
summary: Pop a value from a list, push it to another list and return it; or block until one is available
since: 2.2.0
LINDEX key index
summary: Get an element from a list by its index
since: 1.0.0
LINSERT key BEFORE|AFTER pivot value
summary: Insert an element before or after another element in a list
since: 2.2.0
LLEN key
summary: Get the length of a list
since: 1.0.0
LPOP key
summary: Remove and get the first element in a list
since: 1.0.0
LPUSH key value [value ...]
summary: Prepend one or multiple values to a list
since: 1.0.0
LPUSHX key value
summary: Prepend a value to a list, only if the list exists
since: 2.2.0
LRANGE key start stop
summary: Get a range of elements from a list
since: 1.0.0
LREM key count value
summary: Remove elements from a list
since: 1.0.0
LSET key index value
summary: Set the value of an element in a list by its index
since: 1.0.0
LTRIM key start stop
summary: Trim a list to the specified range
since: 1.0.0
RPOP key
summary: Remove and get the last element in a list
since: 1.0.0
RPOPLPUSH source destination
summary: Remove the last element in a list, prepend it to another list and return it
since: 1.2.0
RPUSH key value [value ...]
summary: Append one or multiple values to a list
since: 1.0.0
RPUSHX key value
summary: Append a value to a list, only if the list exists
since: 2.2.0
2.4 集合(sets)
不重复且无序的字符串元素的集合。
Redis Set 是 String 的无序排列。SADD 指令把新的元素添加到 set 中。对 set 也可做一些其他的操作,比如测试一个给定的元素是否存在,对不同 set 取交集,并集或差,等等。
help @set
SADD key member [member ...]
summary: Add one or more members to a set
since: 1.0.0
SCARD key
summary: Get the number of members in a set
since: 1.0.0
SDIFF key [key ...]
summary: Subtract multiple sets
since: 1.0.0
SDIFFSTORE destination key [key ...]
summary: Subtract multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
since: 1.0.0
SINTER key [key ...]
summary: Intersect multiple sets
since: 1.0.0
SINTERSTORE destination key [key ...]
summary: Intersect multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
since: 1.0.0
SISMEMBER key member
summary: Determine if a given value is a member of a set
since: 1.0.0
SMEMBERS key
summary: Get all the members in a set
since: 1.0.0
SMOVE source destination member
summary: Move a member from one set to another
since: 1.0.0
SPOP key [count]
summary: Remove and return one or multiple random members from a set
since: 1.0.0
SRANDMEMBER key [count]
summary: Get one or multiple random members from a set
since: 1.0.0
SREM key member [member ...]
summary: Remove one or more members from a set
since: 1.0.0
SSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
summary: Incrementally iterate Set elements
since: 2.8.0
SUNION key [key ...]
summary: Add multiple sets
since: 1.0.0
SUNIONSTORE destination key [key ...]
summary: Add multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
since: 1.0.0
Sets 适合用于表示对象间的关系。 例如,我们可以轻易使用 set 来表示标记。
一个简单的建模方式是,对每一个希望标记的对象使用 set。这个 set 包含和对象相关联的标签的 ID。
假设我们想要给新闻打上标签。 假设新闻 ID 1000 被打上了 1,2,5 和 77 四个标签,我们可以使用一个 set 把 tag ID 和新闻条目关联起来:
sadd news:1000:tags 1 2 5 77
(integer) 4
比如,我们可能需要一个含有 1, 2, 10, 和 27 标签的对象的列表。我们可以用 SINTER 命令来完成这件事。它获取不同 set 的交集。我们可以用:
sinter tag:1:news tag:2:news tag:10:news tag:27:news
… results here …
2.5 有序集合(sorted sets)
查看命令集 127.0.0.1:6379> help @sorted_set
ZADD key [NX|XX] [CH] [INCR] score member [score member ...]
summary: Add one or more members to a sorted set, or update its score if it already exists
since: 1.2.0
ZCARD key
summary: Get the number of members in a sorted set
since: 1.2.0
ZCOUNT key min max
summary: Count the members in a sorted set with scores within the given values
since: 2.0.0
ZINCRBY key increment member
summary: Increment the score of a member in a sorted set
since: 1.2.0
ZINTERSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX]
summary: Intersect multiple sorted sets and store the resulting sorted set in a new key
since: 2.0.0
ZLEXCOUNT key min max
summary: Count the number of members in a sorted set between a given lexicographical range
since: 2.8.9
ZRANGE key start stop [WITHSCORES]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by index
since: 1.2.0
ZRANGEBYLEX key min max [LIMIT offset count]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by lexicographical range
since: 2.8.9
ZRANGEBYSCORE key min max [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by score
since: 1.0.5
ZRANK key member
summary: Determine the index of a member in a sorted set
since: 2.0.0
ZREM key member [member ...]
summary: Remove one or more members from a sorted set
since: 1.2.0
ZREMRANGEBYLEX key min max
summary: Remove all members in a sorted set between the given lexicographical range
since: 2.8.9
ZREMRANGEBYRANK key start stop
summary: Remove all members in a sorted set within the given indexes
since: 2.0.0
ZREMRANGEBYSCORE key min max
summary: Remove all members in a sorted set within the given scores
since: 1.2.0
ZREVRANGE key start stop [WITHSCORES]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by index, with scores ordered from high to low
since: 1.2.0
ZREVRANGEBYLEX key max min [LIMIT offset count]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by lexicographical range, ordered from higher to lower strings.
since: 2.8.9
ZREVRANGEBYSCORE key max min [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by score, with scores ordered from high to low
since: 2.2.0
ZREVRANK key member
summary: Determine the index of a member in a sorted set, with scores ordered from high to low
since: 2.0.0
ZSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
summary: Incrementally iterate sorted sets elements and associated scores
since: 2.8.0
ZSCORE key member
summary: Get the score associated with the given member in a sorted set
since: 1.2.0
ZUNIONSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX]
summary: Add multiple sorted sets and store the resulting sorted set in a new key
since: 2.0.0
例子:
zadd hackers 1940 “Alan Kay”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1957 “Sophie Wilson”
(integer 1)
zadd hackers 1953 “Richard Stallman”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1949 “Anita Borg”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1965 “Yukihiro Matsumoto”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1914 “Hedy Lamarr”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1916 “Claude Shannon”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1969 “Linus Torvalds”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1912 “Alan Turing”
(integer) 1
查看集合中数据
zrange hackers 0 -1
1) "Alan Turing"
2) "Hedy Lamarr"
3) "Claude Shannon"
4) "Alan Kay"
5) "Anita Borg"
6) "Richard Stallman"
7) "Sophie Wilson"
8) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
9) "Linus Torvalds"
> zrevrange hackers 0 -1
1) "Linus Torvalds"
2) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
3) "Sophie Wilson"
4) "Richard Stallman"
5) "Anita Borg"
6) "Alan Kay"
7) "Claude Shannon"
8) "Hedy Lamarr"
9) "Alan Turing"
> zrange hackers 0 -1 withscores
1) "Alan Turing"
2) "1912"
3) "Hedy Lamarr"
4) "1914"
5) "Claude Shannon"
6) "1916"
7) "Alan Kay"
8) "1940"
9) "Anita Borg"
10) "1949"
11) "Richard Stallman"
12) "1953"
13) "Sophie Wilson"
14) "1957"
15) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
16) "1965"
17) "Linus Torvalds"
18) "1969"