Redis 简介和基本数据类型

Redis 简介和基本数据类型

1. 简介

   Redis 是一个开源（BSD许可）的，内存中的数据结构存储系统，它可以用作数据库、缓存和消息中间件。它支持多种类型的数据结构：字符串（strings）， 散列（hashes）， 列表（lists）， 集合（sets）， 有序集合（sorted sets） 与范围查询，位图（ bitmaps） hyperloglogs 和 地理空间（geospatial） 索引半径查询。Redis 内置了 复制（replication），LUA脚本（Lua scripting）， LRU驱动事件（LRU eviction），事务（transactions） 和不同级别的 磁盘持久化（persistence）， 并通过 Redis哨兵（Sentinel）和自动 分区（Cluster）提供高可用性（high availability）。

2. 基本数据类型

   基本数据类型 ：字符串（strings）， 散列（hashes）， 列表（lists）， 集合（sets）， 有序集合（sorted sets）
   2.1 字符串（strings）
   二进制安全的字符串
   通过 客户端命令 help @string 查看 string 的命令

     help @string
     APPEND key value
     summary: Append a value to a key
     since: 2.0.0
   
     BITCOUNT key [start end]
     summary: Count set bits in a string
     since: 2.6.0
   
     BITFIELD key [GET type offset] [SET type offset value] [INCRBY type offset increment] [OVERFLOW WRAP|SAT|FAIL]
     summary: Perform arbitrary bitfield integer operations on strings
     since: 3.2.0
   
     BITOP operation destkey key [key ...]
     summary: Perform bitwise operations between strings
     since: 2.6.0
   
     BITPOS key bit [start] [end]
     summary: Find first bit set or clear in a string
     since: 2.8.7
   
     DECR key
     summary: Decrement the integer value of a key by one
     since: 1.0.0
   
     DECRBY key decrement
     summary: Decrement the integer value of a key by the given number
     since: 1.0.0
   
     GET key
     summary: Get the value of a key
     since: 1.0.0
   
     GETBIT key offset
     summary: Returns the bit value at offset in the string value stored at key
     since: 2.2.0
   
     GETRANGE key start end
     summary: Get a substring of the string stored at a key
     since: 2.4.0
   
     GETSET key value
     summary: Set the string value of a key and return its old value
     since: 1.0.0
   
     INCR key
     summary: Increment the integer value of a key by one
     since: 1.0.0
   
     INCRBY key increment
     summary: Increment the integer value of a key by the given amount
     since: 1.0.0
   
     INCRBYFLOAT key increment
     summary: Increment the float value of a key by the given amount
     since: 2.6.0
   
     MGET key [key ...]
     summary: Get the values of all the given keys
     since: 1.0.0
   
     MSET key value [key value ...]
     summary: Set multiple keys to multiple values
     since: 1.0.1
   
     MSETNX key value [key value ...]
     summary: Set multiple keys to multiple values, only if none of the keys exist
     since: 1.0.1
   
     PSETEX key milliseconds value
     summary: Set the value and expiration in milliseconds of a key
     since: 2.6.0
   
     SET key value [EX seconds] [PX milliseconds] [NX|XX]
     summary: Set the string value of a key
     since: 1.0.0
   
     SETBIT key offset value
     summary: Sets or clears the bit at offset in the string value stored at key
     since: 2.2.0
   
     SETEX key seconds value
     summary: Set the value and expiration of a key
     since: 2.0.0
   
     SETNX key value
     summary: Set the value of a key, only if the key does not exist
     since: 1.0.0
   
     SETRANGE key offset value
     summary: Overwrite part of a string at key starting at the specified offset
     since: 2.2.0
   
     STRLEN key
     summary: Get the length of the value stored in a key
     since: 2.2.0
   

2.2 散列（hashes）
Redis hash 看起来就像一个 “hash” 的样子，value 由键值对组成

  help @hash
  HDEL key field [field ...]
  summary: Delete one or more hash fields
  since: 2.0.0
  
  HEXISTS key field
  summary: Determine if a hash field exists
  since: 2.0.0

  HGET key field
  summary: Get the value of a hash field
  since: 2.0.0

  HGETALL key
  summary: Get all the fields and values in a hash
  since: 2.0.0

  HINCRBY key field increment
  summary: Increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number
  since: 2.0.0

  HINCRBYFLOAT key field increment
  summary: Increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount
  since: 2.6.0

  HKEYS key
  summary: Get all the fields in a hash
  since: 2.0.0

  HLEN key
  summary: Get the number of fields in a hash
  since: 2.0.0

  HMGET key field [field ...]
  summary: Get the values of all the given hash fields
  since: 2.0.0

  HMSET key field value [field value ...]
  summary: Set multiple hash fields to multiple values
  since: 2.0.0

  HSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
  summary: Incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values
  since: 2.8.0

  HSET key field value
  summary: Set the string value of a hash field
  since: 2.0.0

  HSETNX key field value
  summary: Set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist
  since: 2.0.0

  HSTRLEN key field
  summary: Get the length of the value of a hash field
  since: 3.2.0

  HVALS key
  summary: Get all the values in a hash
  since: 2.0.0

例子：

hmset user:1000 username antirez birthyear 1977 verified 1
OK
hget user:1000 username
“antirez”
hget user:1000 birthyear
“1977”
hgetall user:1000
1) “username”
2) “antirez”
3) “birthyear”
4) “1977”
5) “verified”
6) “1”

2.3 列表（lists）
Lists: 按插入顺序排序的字符串元素的集合。他们基本上就是链表（linked lists）。

  help @list
  BLPOP key [key ...] timeout
  summary: Remove and get the first element in a list, or block until one is available
  since: 2.0.0

  BRPOP key [key ...] timeout
  summary: Remove and get the last element in a list, or block until one is available
  since: 2.0.0

  BRPOPLPUSH source destination timeout
  summary: Pop a value from a list, push it to another list and return it; or block until one is available
  since: 2.2.0

  LINDEX key index
  summary: Get an element from a list by its index
  since: 1.0.0

  LINSERT key BEFORE|AFTER pivot value
  summary: Insert an element before or after another element in a list
  since: 2.2.0

  LLEN key
  summary: Get the length of a list
  since: 1.0.0

  LPOP key
  summary: Remove and get the first element in a list
  since: 1.0.0

  LPUSH key value [value ...]
  summary: Prepend one or multiple values to a list
  since: 1.0.0

  LPUSHX key value
  summary: Prepend a value to a list, only if the list exists
  since: 2.2.0

  LRANGE key start stop
  summary: Get a range of elements from a list
  since: 1.0.0

  LREM key count value
  summary: Remove elements from a list
  since: 1.0.0

  LSET key index value
  summary: Set the value of an element in a list by its index
  since: 1.0.0

  LTRIM key start stop
  summary: Trim a list to the specified range
  since: 1.0.0

  RPOP key
  summary: Remove and get the last element in a list
  since: 1.0.0

  RPOPLPUSH source destination
  summary: Remove the last element in a list, prepend it to another list and return it
  since: 1.2.0

  RPUSH key value [value ...]
  summary: Append one or multiple values to a list
  since: 1.0.0

  RPUSHX key value
  summary: Append a value to a list, only if the list exists
  since: 2.2.0

2.4 集合（sets）
不重复且无序的字符串元素的集合。
Redis Set 是 String 的无序排列。SADD 指令把新的元素添加到 set 中。对 set 也可做一些其他的操作，比如测试一个给定的元素是否存在，对不同 set 取交集，并集或差，等等。

  help @set
  SADD key member [member ...]
  summary: Add one or more members to a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SCARD key
  summary: Get the number of members in a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SDIFF key [key ...]
  summary: Subtract multiple sets
  since: 1.0.0

  SDIFFSTORE destination key [key ...]
  summary: Subtract multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
  since: 1.0.0

  SINTER key [key ...]
  summary: Intersect multiple sets
  since: 1.0.0

  SINTERSTORE destination key [key ...]
  summary: Intersect multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
  since: 1.0.0

  SISMEMBER key member
  summary: Determine if a given value is a member of a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SMEMBERS key
  summary: Get all the members in a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SMOVE source destination member
  summary: Move a member from one set to another
  since: 1.0.0

  SPOP key [count]
  summary: Remove and return one or multiple random members from a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SRANDMEMBER key [count]
  summary: Get one or multiple random members from a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SREM key member [member ...]
  summary: Remove one or more members from a set
  since: 1.0.0

  SSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
  summary: Incrementally iterate Set elements
  since: 2.8.0

  SUNION key [key ...]
  summary: Add multiple sets
  since: 1.0.0

  SUNIONSTORE destination key [key ...]
  summary: Add multiple sets and store the resulting set in a key
  since: 1.0.0

Sets 适合用于表示对象间的关系。 例如，我们可以轻易使用 set 来表示标记。
一个简单的建模方式是，对每一个希望标记的对象使用 set。这个 set 包含和对象相关联的标签的 ID。

假设我们想要给新闻打上标签。 假设新闻 ID 1000 被打上了 1,2,5 和 77 四个标签，我们可以使用一个 set 把 tag ID 和新闻条目关联起来：

sadd news:1000:tags 1 2 5 77
(integer) 4

比如，我们可能需要一个含有 1, 2, 10, 和 27 标签的对象的列表。我们可以用 SINTER 命令来完成这件事。它获取不同 set 的交集。我们可以用：

sinter tag:1:news tag:2:news tag:10:news tag:27:news
… results here …

2.5 有序集合（sorted sets）

查看命令集  127.0.0.1:6379> help @sorted_set

  ZADD key [NX|XX] [CH] [INCR] score member [score member ...]
  summary: Add one or more members to a sorted set, or update its score if it already exists
  since: 1.2.0

  ZCARD key
  summary: Get the number of members in a sorted set
  since: 1.2.0

  ZCOUNT key min max
  summary: Count the members in a sorted set with scores within the given values
  since: 2.0.0

  ZINCRBY key increment member
  summary: Increment the score of a member in a sorted set
  since: 1.2.0

  ZINTERSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX]
  summary: Intersect multiple sorted sets and store the resulting sorted set in a new key
  since: 2.0.0

  ZLEXCOUNT key min max
  summary: Count the number of members in a sorted set between a given lexicographical range
  since: 2.8.9

  ZRANGE key start stop [WITHSCORES]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by index
  since: 1.2.0

  ZRANGEBYLEX key min max [LIMIT offset count]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by lexicographical range
  since: 2.8.9

  ZRANGEBYSCORE key min max [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by score
  since: 1.0.5

  ZRANK key member
  summary: Determine the index of a member in a sorted set
  since: 2.0.0

  ZREM key member [member ...]
  summary: Remove one or more members from a sorted set
  since: 1.2.0

  ZREMRANGEBYLEX key min max
  summary: Remove all members in a sorted set between the given lexicographical range
  since: 2.8.9

  ZREMRANGEBYRANK key start stop
  summary: Remove all members in a sorted set within the given indexes
  since: 2.0.0

  ZREMRANGEBYSCORE key min max
  summary: Remove all members in a sorted set within the given scores
  since: 1.2.0

  ZREVRANGE key start stop [WITHSCORES]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by index, with scores ordered from high to low
  since: 1.2.0

  ZREVRANGEBYLEX key max min [LIMIT offset count]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by lexicographical range, ordered from higher to lower strings.
  since: 2.8.9

  ZREVRANGEBYSCORE key max min [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
  summary: Return a range of members in a sorted set, by score, with scores ordered from high to low
  since: 2.2.0

  ZREVRANK key member
  summary: Determine the index of a member in a sorted set, with scores ordered from high to low
  since: 2.0.0

  ZSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
  summary: Incrementally iterate sorted sets elements and associated scores
  since: 2.8.0

  ZSCORE key member
  summary: Get the score associated with the given member in a sorted set
  since: 1.2.0

  ZUNIONSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX]
  summary: Add multiple sorted sets and store the resulting sorted set in a new key
  since: 2.0.0

例子：

zadd hackers 1940 “Alan Kay”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1957 “Sophie Wilson”
(integer 1)
zadd hackers 1953 “Richard Stallman”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1949 “Anita Borg”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1965 “Yukihiro Matsumoto”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1914 “Hedy Lamarr”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1916 “Claude Shannon”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1969 “Linus Torvalds”
(integer) 1
zadd hackers 1912 “Alan Turing”
(integer) 1

查看集合中数据

zrange hackers 0 -1
1) "Alan Turing"
2) "Hedy Lamarr"
3) "Claude Shannon"
4) "Alan Kay"
5) "Anita Borg"
6) "Richard Stallman"
7) "Sophie Wilson"
8) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
9) "Linus Torvalds"

> zrevrange hackers 0 -1
1) "Linus Torvalds"
2) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
3) "Sophie Wilson"
4) "Richard Stallman"
5) "Anita Borg"
6) "Alan Kay"
7) "Claude Shannon"
8) "Hedy Lamarr"
9) "Alan Turing"

> zrange hackers 0 -1 withscores
1) "Alan Turing"
2) "1912"
3) "Hedy Lamarr"
4) "1914"
5) "Claude Shannon"
6) "1916"
7) "Alan Kay"
8) "1940"
9) "Anita Borg"
10) "1949"
11) "Richard Stallman"
12) "1953"
13) "Sophie Wilson"
14) "1957"
15) "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
16) "1965"
17) "Linus Torvalds"
18) "1969"

参考：http://redis.cn/