python系统编程第1节
1、#使用print命令查看帮助文档
>>> print(sys.__doc__)
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
These three are only available in an interactive session after a
traceback has been printed.
Static objects:
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
float_info -- a struct sequence with information about the float implementation.
float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
hash_info -- a struct sequence with information about the hash algorithm.
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
implementation -- Python implementation information.
int_info -- a struct sequence with information about the int implementation.
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the value of the largest Unicode code point
platform -- platform identifier
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
thread_info -- a struct sequence with information about the thread implementation.
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a named tuple
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!
Functions:
displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setcheckinterval() -- control how often the interpreter checks for events
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
2、#使用help命令查看帮助文档
>>> help(sys)
Help on built-in module sys:
NAME
sys
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sys.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
3、#split和splitlines区别
Python 3.6.5rc1 (v3.6.5rc1:f03c5148cf, Mar 14 2018, 02:23:56) [MSC v.1913 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> line='aaa\nbbb\nccc\n'
>>> line
'aaa\nbbb\nccc\n'
>>> line.split('\n')
['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc', '']
>>> line.splitlines() #splitlines 相当于splint('\n')
['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc']
4、#字符串查找与替换(find和replace)
>>> mystr ='xxxSPAMxxx'
>>> mystr.find('SPAM')
3
>>> mystr = 'xxxaaxxaa'
>>> mystr.replace('aa','SPAM')
'xxxSPAMxxSPAM'
5、#in （判断运算符）、find（查找字符串）、strip和rstrip（去除字符串结尾的空格）
>>> mystr = 'xxxSPAMxxx'
>>> 'SPAM' in mystr
True
>>> 'Ni' in mystr
False
>>> mystr.find('Ni')
-1
>>> mystr = '\t Ni\n'
>>> mystr.strip()
'Ni'
>>> mystr.rstrip()
'\t Ni'
6、# lower（大写转小写）、isalpha和isdigit（测试内容）、string（字符串模块的空白分隔符）
>>> mystr='SHRUBBERY'
>>> mystr.lower()
'shrubbery'
>>> mystr.isalpha()
True
>>> mystr.isdigit()
False
>>> import string
>>> string.ascii_lowercase
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> string.whitespace
' \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'
7、#分割字符串函数split、使用join将字符串连接、list转换成字符组成的列表
>>> mystr = 'aaa,bbb,ccc'
>>> mystr.split(',')
['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc']
>>> mystr = 'a b\nc\nd'
>>> mystr
'a b\nc\nd'
>>> mystr.split()
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> delim = 'NI'
>>> delim.join(['aaa','bbb','ccc'])
'aaaNIbbbNIccc'
>>> ' '.join(['A','dead','parrot'])
'A dead parrot'
>>> chars =list('Lorreta')
>>> chars
['L', 'o', 'r', 'r', 'e', 't', 'a']
>>> chars.append('!')
>>> ''.join(chars)
'Lorreta!'
8、#使用split和join来实现前面的replace
>>> mystr = 'xxaaxxaa'
>>> 'SPAM'.join(mystr.split('aa'))
'xxSPAMxxSPAM'
9、#字符串转整数、整数转字符串、字符串和整数加数
>>> int("42"),eval("42")
(42, 42)
>>> str(42),repr(42)
('42', '42')
>>> ("%d" % 42), '{:d}'.format(42)
('42', '42')
>>> "42" + str(1),int("42") + 1
('421', 43)
10、#open函数用法
>>> file = open('spam.txt','w') #创建一个文件名叫：spam.txt
>>> file.write(('spam' * 5) + '\n') #在文件中写入数据spam * 5次
21
>>> file.close() #关闭文件推出
>>> file = open('spam.txt') #打开文件spam.txt
>>> text = file.read() #设置变量将变量传入读文件
>>> text #输出传入的数据
'spamspamspamspamspam\n'
11、# more.py分页脚本，需要放入system下执行。
c:\Windows\system>python more.py more.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
more is file
"""
def more(text,numlines=15):
lines = text.splitlines() #split('\n'),this is not''
while lines:
chunk = lines[:numlines]
lines = lines[numlines:]
More?y
for line in chunk:
print(line)
if lines and input('More?') not in ['y','Y']:
break
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(),10)
12、#使用more.py脚本进行导入并输出sys.__doc__ 输出分页信息
c:\Windows\system>python
Python 3.6.5rc1 (v3.6.5rc1:f03c5148cf, Mar 14 2018, 02:23:56) [MSC v.1913 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from more import more
>>> import sys
>>> more(sys.__doc__)
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
More?y
13、#如果使用more(sys.__doc__,5) 的话每次显示5行信息
14、#查看python解释器的版本号
>>> import sys
>>> sys.platform,sys.maxsize,sys.version
('win32', 2147483647, '3.6.5rc1 (v3.6.5rc1:f03c5148cf, Mar 14 2018, 02:23:56) [MSC v.1913 32 bit (Intel)]')
>>> if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
... print('hello windows')
...
hello windows
15、#sys.path模块使用
在windows中显示如下：
>>> sys.path
['', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\python36.zip', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\DLLs', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\
\lib', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\lib\\site-packages']
在linux中显示如下：
>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/lib/python35.zip', '/usr/lib/python3.5', '/usr/lib/python3.5/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu', '/usr/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages']
16、#sys.path.append进行追加路径，不过这个不是永久写入的，退出python就失效了。
>>> sys.path.append(r'c:\mydir')
>>> sys.path
['', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\python36.zip', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\DLLs', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\
\lib', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32', 'C:\\Program Files\\Python36-32\\lib\\site-packages', 'c:\\mydir']
17、#查看已经加载的模块函数命令
>>> sys.modules
>>> sys
<module 'sys' (built-in)>
>>> sys.modules['sys']
<module 'sys' (built-in)>
18、#使用sys.exc_info函数输出一个异常的元组信息
>>> try:
... raise IndexError
... except:
... print(sys.exc_info())
...
(<class 'IndexError'>, IndexError(), <traceback object at 0x00D86288>)
19、#traceback模块使用错误消息输出
>>> import traceback,sys
>>> def grail(x):
... raise TypeError('already got one')
...
>>> try:
... grail('arthur')
... except:
... exc_info = sys.exc_info()
... print(exc_info[0])
... print(exc_info[1])
... traceback.print_tb(exc_info[2])
...
<class 'TypeError'>
already got one
File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in grail
20、#os模块的函数列举如下：
>>> import os
>>> dir(os)
['DirEntry', 'F_OK', 'MutableMapping', 'O_APPEND', 'O_BINARY', 'O_CREAT', 'O_EXCL', 'O_NOINHERIT', 'O_RANDOM', 'O_RDONLY
', 'O_RDWR', 'O_SEQUENTIAL', 'O_SHORT_LIVED', 'O_TEMPORARY', 'O_TEXT', 'O_TRUNC', 'O_WRONLY', 'P_DETACH', 'P_NOWAIT', 'P
_NOWAITO', 'P_OVERLAY', 'P_WAIT', 'PathLike', 'R_OK', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'SEEK_SET', 'TMP_MAX', 'W_OK', 'X_OK', '_E
nviron', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spe
c__', '_execvpe', '_exists', '_exit', '_fspath', '_get_exports_list', '_putenv', '_unsetenv', '_wrap_close', 'abc', 'abo
rt', 'access', 'altsep', 'chdir', 'chmod', 'close', 'closerange', 'cpu_count', 'curdir', 'defpath', 'device_encoding', '
devnull', 'dup', 'dup2', 'environ', 'errno', 'error', 'execl', 'execle', 'execlp', 'execlpe', 'execv', 'execve', 'execvp
', 'execvpe', 'extsep', 'fdopen', 'fsdecode', 'fsencode', 'fspath', 'fstat', 'fsync', 'ftruncate', 'get_exec_path', 'get
_handle_inheritable', 'get_inheritable', 'get_terminal_size', 'getcwd', 'getcwdb', 'getenv', 'getlogin', 'getpid', 'getp
pid', 'isatty', 'kill', 'linesep', 'link', 'listdir', 'lseek', 'lstat', 'makedirs', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'pardir', '
path', 'pathsep', 'pipe', 'popen', 'putenv', 'read', 'readlink', 'remove', 'removedirs', 'rename', 'renames', 'replace',
'rmdir', 'scandir', 'sep', 'set_handle_inheritable', 'set_inheritable', 'spawnl', 'spawnle', 'spawnv', 'spawnve', 'st',
'startfile', 'stat', 'stat_float_times', 'stat_result', 'statvfs_result', 'strerror', 'supports_bytes_environ', 'suppor
ts_dir_fd', 'supports_effective_ids', 'supports_fd', 'supports_follow_symlinks', 'symlink', 'sys', 'system', 'terminal_s
ize', 'times', 'times_result', 'truncate', 'umask', 'uname_result', 'unlink', 'urandom', 'utime', 'waitpid', 'walk', 'wr
ite']
21、#列举os.path的其他工具
>>> dir(os.path)
['__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_
get_bothseps', '_getfinalpathname', '_getfullpathname', '_getvolumepathname', 'abspath', 'altsep', 'basename', 'commonpa
th', 'commonprefix', 'curdir', 'defpath', 'devnull', 'dirname', 'exists', 'expanduser', 'expandvars', 'extsep', 'generic
path', 'getatime', 'getctime', 'getmtime', 'getsize', 'isabs', 'isdir', 'isfile', 'islink', 'ismount', 'join', 'lexists'
, 'normcase', 'normpath', 'os', 'pardir', 'pathsep', 'realpath', 'relpath', 'samefile', 'sameopenfile', 'samestat', 'sep
', 'split', 'splitdrive', 'splitext', 'splitunc', 'stat', 'supports_unicode_filenames', 'sys']
22、#os.getpid()函数的进程ID、os.getcwd()和os.chdir()用法
>>> os.getpid() #给出调用函数的进程ID
3540
>>> os.getcwd() #返回当前工作目录
'C:\\'
>>> os.chdir(r'c:\\Users') #进入Users工作目录
>>> os.getcwd() #返回当前工作目录
'c:\\Users'
23、#os的符号工具用法
>>> os.pathsep,os.sep,os.pardir,os.curdir,os.linesep
(';', '\\', '..', '.', '\r\n')
24、#os.path.isdir（是否是目录）和os.path.isfile（是否是文件）、os.path.exists（测试文件是否存在）、os.path.getsize（文件大小）
>>> os.path.isdir(r'c:\Users'),os.path.isfile(r'c:\users')
(True, False)
>>> os.path.isdir(r'c:\windows\explorer.exe'),os.path.isfile(r'c:\windows\explorer.exe')
(False, True)
>>> os.path.exists(r'c:\Users\Default')
>>> os.path.getsize(r'c:\windows\explorer.exe')
2872320
25、#分割和合并目录函数分别是os.path.split、os.path.join
os.path.dirname和os.path.basename是目录名和文件名输出
>>> os.path.split(r'c:\temp\data.txt')
('c:\\temp', 'data.txt')
>>> os.path.join(r'c:\temp','output.txt')
'c:\\temp\\output.txt'
>>> name = r'c:\temp\data.txt'
>>> os.path.dirname(name),os.path.basename(name)
('c:\\temp', 'data.txt')
26、#os.path.splitext文件名和后缀名进行分割
>>> os.path.splitext(r'c:\temp\data.txt')
('c:\\temp\\data', '.txt')
27、#os.sep(输出双斜杠)
>>> os.sep
'\\'
>>> pathname=r'c\temp\data.txt'
>>> os.path.split(pathname)
('c\\temp', 'data.txt')
>>> pathname.split(os.sep)
['c', 'temp', 'data.txt']
>>> os.sep.join(pathname.split(os.sep))
'c\\temp\\data.txt'
>>> os.path.join(*pathname.split(os.sep))
'c\\temp\\data.txt'
28、#os.path.abspath（返回文件完整路径名）
>>> import os
>>> os.chdir(r'c:\Users')
>>> os.getcwd()
'c:\\Users'
>>> os.path.abspath('')
'c:\\Users'
>>> os.chdir(r'c:\windows')
>>> os.path.abspath('temp')
'c:\\windows\\temp'
>>> os.path.abspath('.') #相对路径
'c:\\windows'
>>> os.path.abspath('..')
'c:\\'
>>> os.path.abspath(r'c:\windows\system') #绝对路径
'c:\\windows\\system'
29、#os.system用法
>>> os.system('dir w* /B')
Web
win.ini
WindowsUpdate.log
winhlp32.exe
winsxs
WMSysPr9.prx
write.exe
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