char、varchar、binary和varbinary的区别与联系

char使用固定长度的空间进行存储，char(4)存储4个字符，根据编码方式的不同占用不同的字节，gbk编码方式，不论是中文还是英文，每个字符占用2个字节的空间，utf8编码方式，每个字符占用3个字节的空间。
如果需要存储的字符串的长度跟所有值的平均长度相差不大，适合用char，如MD5。
对于经常改变的值，char优于varchar，原因是固定长度的行不容易产生碎片。
对于很短的列，char优于varchar，原因是varchar需要额外一个或两个字节存储字符串的长度。

varchar保存可变长度的字符串，使用额外的一个或两个字节存储字符串长度，varchar(10),除了需要存储10个字符，还需要1个字节存储长度信息(10),超过255的长度需要2个字节来存储
例外：Myisam引擎中使用ROW_FORMAT=FIXED时，每行使用相同的空间，造成浪费

char和varchar后面如果有空格，char会自动去掉空格后存储，varchar虽然不会去掉空格，但在进行字符串比较时，会去掉空格进行比较
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| addr  | char(8)      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| bn    | varbinary(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| b     | binary(8)    | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
+----------------------+----------------------+
| concat("$",name,"$") | concat("$",addr,"$") |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| $asdf$               | $a$                  |
| $asdf$               | $a$                  |
| $a $                 | $a$                  |
| $a$                  | $a$                  |
| $t a$                | $a$                  |
+----------------------+----------------------+
mysql> select * from zcy where name='a ';   //由于name是varchar，比较时，'a '自动转换为'a'
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  3 | a    | a    | ab   | ab       |
|  4 | a    | a    | ab   | a        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from zcy where name='a';
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  3 | a    | a    | ab   | ab       |
|  4 | a    | a    | ab   | a        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| addr  | char(8)      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| bn    | varbinary(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| b     | binary(8)    | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
+--------------------+-------------------+
| concat("$",bn,"$") | concat("$",b,"$") |
+--------------------+-------------------+
| $ab a$             | NULL              |
| $ab $              | $ab      $        |
| $ab$               | $ab      $        |
| $ab  $             | $a       $        |
| NULL               | $a       $        |
| NULL               | $abcde   $        |
| NULL               | $abcd1234$        |
+--------------------+-------------------+

binary保存二进制字符串，它保存的是字节而不是字符，没有字符集限制
binary(8)可以保存8个字符，每个字符占1个字节，共占8个字节
进行比较时是按字节进行比较，而不是按字符（char），按字节比较比字符简单快速
按字符比较不区分大小写，而binary区分大小写，结尾使用\0填充，而不是空格
mysql> select * from zcy where b='a\0\0\0\0\0\0\0';
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  5 | t a  | a    | NULL | a        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
mysql> select * from zcy where b='a \0\0\0\0\0\0'; 
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  4 | a    | a    | ab   | a        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+

varbinary保存变长的字符串，后面不会补\0
mysql> select * from zcy where bn='ab';
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  3 | a    | a    | ab   | ab       |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from zcy where bn='ab ';
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  2 | asdf | a    | ab   | ab       |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from zcy where bn='ab  ';
+----+------+------+------+----------+
| id | name | addr | bn   | b        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
|  4 | a    | a    | ab   | a        |
+----+------+------+------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)