12---2

//String.h
#ifndef STRING_H
#define STRING_H

#include<iostream>

using std::ostream;
using std::istream;

class String
{
private:
	char* str;
	int len;
	static int num_strings;
	static const int CINLIM = 80;
public:
	String();
	String(const char* s);
	String(const String&);
	~String();

	int lenth()const { return len; }
	void Stringlow();
	void Stringup();
	int ncontains(char s);

	char& operator[](int i);
	const char& operator[](int i)const;
	String& operator=(const String&);
	String& operator=(const char* s);
	String operator+(const String& st);
	String operator+(const char* s);

	friend String operator+(const char* s, String& st);
	friend bool operator<(const String& st1, const String& st2);
	friend bool operator>(const String& st1, const String& st2);
	friend bool operator==(const String& st1, const String& st2);
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const String& st);
	friend istream& operator>>(istream& is, String& st);

	static int HowMany();
};

#endif // !STRING_H

//String.cpp
#include<cstring>
#include<cctype>
#include"String.h"

using std::cin;
using std::cout;

int String::num_strings = 0;

int String::HowMany()
{
	return num_strings;
}

String::String()
{
	len = 0;
	str = new char[1];
	str[0] = '\0';
	num_strings++;
}

String::String(const char* s)
{
	len = std::strlen(s);
	str = new char[len + 1];
	std::strcpy(str, s);
	num_strings++;
}

String::String(const String& st)
{
	num_strings++;
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	std::strcpy(str, st.str);
}

String::~String()
{
	num_strings--;
	delete[] str;
}

void String::Stringlow()
{
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		str[i] = tolower(str[i]);
	}
}

void String::Stringup()
{
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		str[i] = toupper(str[i]);
	}
}

int String::ncontains(char s)
{
	int cnt = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		if (str[i] == s)
		{
			cnt++;
		}
	}
	return cnt;
}

char& String::operator[](int i)
{
	return str[i];
}

const char& String::operator[](int i)const
{
	return str[i];
}

String& String::operator=(const String& st)
{
	if (this == &st)
	{
		return*this;
	}

	delete[]str;
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	std::strcpy(str, st.str);
	return *this;
}

String& String::operator=(const char* s)
{
	delete[]str;
	len = std::strlen(s);
	str = new char[len + 1];
	std::strcpy(str, s);
	return *this;
}

String String::operator+(const String& st)
{
	String sum;
	sum.len = len + st.len;
	sum.str = new char[sum.len + 1];
	std::strcpy(sum.str, str);
	std::strcat(sum.str, st.str);
	return sum;
}

String String::operator+(const char* s)
{
	String sum;
	sum.len = len + strlen(s);
	sum.str = new char[sum.len + 1];
	std::strcpy(sum.str, str);
	std::strcat(sum.str, s);
	return sum;
}

String operator+(const char* s, String& st)
{
	String sum;
	sum.len = st.len + strlen(s);
	sum.str = new char[sum.len + 1];
	std::strcpy(sum.str, s);
	std::strcat(sum.str, st.str);
	return sum;
}

bool operator<(const String& st1, const String& st2)
{
	return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) < 0);
}

bool operator>(const String& st1, const String& st2)
{
	return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) > 0);
}

bool operator==(const String& st1, const String& st2)
{
	return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) == 0);
}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const String& st)
{
	os << st.str;
	return os;
}

istream& operator>>(istream& is, String& st)
{
	char temp[String::CINLIM];
	is.get(temp, String::CINLIM);
	if (is)
	{
		st = temp;
	}
	while (is && is.get() != '\n')
	{
		continue;
	}
	return is;
}