Nginx负载均衡配置

Nginx是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器，也是一个IMAP/POP3/SMTP服务器。本文简述NginxNginx负载均衡一些基础知识及部署。

1.简单了解

Nginx负载均衡【load balancing】项目部署在不同的服务器上，但是通过统一的域名进入，nginx则对请求进行分发，减轻了服务器的压力，不会因为某台服务器负载高宕机而某台服务器闲置的情况。

2.nginx 负载均衡目前支持 4 种方式的分配 

1)、轮询（默认） 

　　每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器，如果后端服务器down掉，能自动剔除。 

2)、weight 

　　指定轮询几率，weight和访问比率成正比，用于后端服务器性能不均的情况。 

2)、ip_hash 

　　每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session的问题。  

3)、fair（第三方） 

　　按后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求，响应时间短的优先分配。  

4)、url_hash（第三方）

3.部署

1)nginx.conf修改

http {
     #设定mime类型,类型由mime.type文件定义
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    #设定日志格式

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

 #sendfile 指令指定 nginx 是否调用 sendfile 函数（zero copy 方式）来输出文件，对于普通应用，
 #必须设为 on,如果用来进行下载等应用磁盘IO重负载应用，可设置为 off，以平衡磁盘与网络I/O处理速度，降低系统的uptime.

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    upstream netitcast.com{
    	server 127.0.0.1:8080 weight=1;
    	server 127.0.0.1:8080 weight=1;
    }
#设定负载均衡的服务器列表，这里自定义“student”，也可改为访问地址
    upstream student{
    	server 123.0.0.1:8080;
    	Server 123.0.0.1:9080;
    	server 123.0.0.1:7080;
    }

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  8080.venus.com;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        
#默认请求
        location / {
            #proxy_pass http://netitcast.com;  
            #proxy_redirect default;

            proxy_pass http://student;

        }
# 定义错误提示页面

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

启动nginx服务：./nigx/sbin/nginx

2)tomcat的server.xml修改

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
-->
<!-- Note:  A "Server" is not itself a "Container", so you may not
     define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level.
     Documentation at /docs/config/server.html
 -->
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" />
  <!-- Security listener. Documentation at /docs/config/listeners.html
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener" />
  -->
  <!--APR library loader. Documentation at /docs/apr.html -->
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" />
  <!-- Prevent memory leaks due to use of particular java/javax APIs-->
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
  <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />

  <!-- Global JNDI resources
       Documentation at /docs/jndi-resources-howto.html
  -->
  <GlobalNamingResources>
    <!-- Editable user database that can also be used by
         UserDatabaseRealm to authenticate users
    -->
    <Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
              type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
              description="User database that can be updated and saved"
              factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
              pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
  </GlobalNamingResources>

  <!-- A "Service" is a collection of one or more "Connectors" that share
       a single "Container" Note:  A "Service" is not itself a "Container",
       so you may not define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level.
       Documentation at /docs/config/service.html
   -->
  <Service name="Catalina">

    <!--The connectors can use a shared executor, you can define one or more named thread pools-->
    <!--
    <Executor name="tomcatThreadPool" namePrefix="catalina-exec-"
        maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="4"/>
    -->


    <!-- A "Connector" represents an endpoint by which requests are received
         and responses are returned. Documentation at :
         Java HTTP Connector: /docs/config/http.html
         Java AJP  Connector: /docs/config/ajp.html
         APR (HTTP/AJP) Connector: /docs/apr.html
         Define a non-SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8080
    -->
    <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
               connectionTimeout="20000"
               redirectPort="8443" />
    <!-- A "Connector" using the shared thread pool-->
    <!--
    <Connector executor="tomcatThreadPool"
               port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
               connectionTimeout="20000"
               redirectPort="8443" />
    -->
    <!-- Define a SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443
         This connector uses the NIO implementation with the JSSE engine. When
         using the JSSE engine, the JSSE configuration attributes must be used.
    -->
    <!--
    <Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
               maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true">
        <SSLHostConfig>
            <Certificate certificateKeystoreFile="conf/localhost-rsa.jks"
                         type="RSA" />
        </SSLHostConfig>
    </Connector>
    -->
    <!-- Define a SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443 with HTTP/2
         This connector uses the APR/native implementation. When using the
         APR/native implementation or the OpenSSL engine with NIO or NIO2 then
         the OpenSSL configuration attributes must be used.
    -->
    <!--
    <Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
               maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true" >
        <UpgradeProtocol className="org.apache.coyote.http2.Http2Protocol" />
        <SSLHostConfig>
            <Certificate certificateKeyFile="conf/localhost-rsa-key.pem"
                         certificateFile="conf/localhost-rsa-cert.pem"
                         certificateChainFile="conf/localhost-rsa-chain.pem"
                         type="RSA" />
        </SSLHostConfig>
    </Connector>
    -->

    <!-- Define an AJP 1.3 Connector on port 8009 -->
    <Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />


    <!-- An Engine represents the entry point (within Catalina) that processes
         every request.  The Engine implementation for Tomcat stand alone
         analyzes the HTTP headers included with the request, and passes them
         on to the appropriate Host (virtual host).
         Documentation at /docs/config/engine.html -->

    <!-- You should set jvmRoute to support load-balancing via AJP ie :
    <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost" jvmRoute="jvm1">
    -->
    <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">

      <!--For clustering, please take a look at documentation at:
          /docs/cluster-howto.html  (simple how to)
          /docs/config/cluster.html (reference documentation) -->
      <!--
      <Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"/>
      -->

      <!-- Use the LockOutRealm to prevent attempts to guess user passwords
           via a brute-force attack -->
      <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">
        <!-- This Realm uses the UserDatabase configured in the global JNDI
             resources under the key "UserDatabase".  Any edits
             that are performed against this UserDatabase are immediately
             available for use by the Realm.  -->
        <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
               resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
      </Realm>

      <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps"
            unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
 <!-- 让Tomcat直接浏览webapps下的网页，而不是去webapps下的ROOT网页，path是说明虚拟目录的名字，如果你要只输入ip地址就显示主页，则该键值留为空; docBase是默认目录的路径，它默认的是$tomcat/webapps/ROOT目录，现在我在webapps目录下建了一个myjsp【webapps下的目录】目录，让该目录作为我的默认目录。 debug和reloadable一般都分别设置成0和true。-->
        <Context path="" docBase="myjsp" debug="0" reloadable="true" />
        <!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
             Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html -->
        <!--
        <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
        -->

        <!-- Access log processes all example.
             Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
             Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" -->
        <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
               prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
               pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />

      </Host>
    </Engine>
  </Service>


<!-- the second service    -->
      
  <Service name="Catalina">   
    <Connector port="9080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"  
               connectionTimeout="20000"  
               redirectPort="9443" />   
    <Connector port="9009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="9443" /> 
    <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">  
    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">  
    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"  
               resourceName="UserDatabase"/>  
    </Realm> 
    <!-- 修改的地方 appBase：第二个项目放置的位置-->  
     <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps9080"  
            unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
        <Context path="" docBase="myjsp" debug="0" reloadable="true" />  
        <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs9080"
           prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
           pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />
      </Host>  
    </Engine>  
  </Service> 

<!-- the Third service    -->

   <Service name="Catalina">   
    <Connector port="7080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"  
               connectionTimeout="20000"  
               redirectPort="7443" />   
    <Connector port="7009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="7443" /> 
    <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">  
    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">  
    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"  
               resourceName="UserDatabase"/>  
    </Realm> 
    <!-- 修改的地方 appBase：第三个项目放置的位置-->  
     <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps7080"  
            unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
        <Context path="" docBase="myjsp" debug="0" reloadable="true" /> 
        <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs7080"
           prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
           pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />
      </Host>  
    </Engine>  
  </Service> 
  
</Server>

启动tomcat的服务