Spring注释 @Service @Qualifier @Repository

本文讨论在Spring 框架下各种注释的用法以及注意事项

1 创建一个简单的Springboot 工程, 包括一个controller 和 service

package com.example.demo.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String hello() {
        return "hello";
    }
}

package com.example.demo.service;

public interface userService{
    void printService();
}

package com.example.demo.service.Impl;

import com.example.demo.service.userService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class studentService  implements userService {
    @Override
    public void printService() {
        System.out.println("student");
    }
}

studentService 需要用 @Service 修饰, 普通的组件用 @component 修饰， 处于数据层的组件用 @Repository修饰

2 在controller 调用studentService, 会提示 "Field injection is not recommended"

package com.example.demo.controller;

import com.example.demo.service.userService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class HelloController {
    
    // 字段变量
    @Autowired
    private userService studentService;
    //-----------------------------------------
    // 构造器的依赖注入
    private final userService studentService;
    public HelloController(userService studentService) {
        this.studentService = studentService;
    }
    // ----------------------------------------
    // Setter的依赖注入
    private userService studentService;
    @Autowired
    public void setStudentService(userService studentService) {
        this.studentService = studentService;
    }

    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String hello() {
        studentService.printService();
        return "hello";
    }
}

一共有3种依赖注入方式 基于构造器的依赖注入， 基于Setter的依赖注入， 和基于字段变量的依赖注入，所以可以通过构造器和Setter经行依赖注入

在这种情况下，有两个类都叫 studentService, 如果启动项目的话，会有报错

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: Failed to parse configuration class [com.example.demo.DemoApplication]; nested exception is org.springframework.context.annotation.ConflictingBeanDefinitionException: Annotation-specified bean name 'studentService' for bean class [com.example.demo.service.newImpl.studentService] conflicts with existing, non-compatible bean definition of same name and class [com.example.demo.service.Impl.studentService]

在@Service后加上特定的名字 newStudentService

package com.example.demo.service.newImpl;

import com.example.demo.service.userService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service("newStudentService")
public class studentService implements userService {
    @Override
    public void printService() {
        System.out.println("student from new Impl");
    }
}

在controller 里加上 @Qualifier 经行区分

@Autowired
@Qualifier("newStudentService")
private userService studentService;
//
private final userService studentService;
public HelloController(@Qualifier("newStudentService") userService studentService) {
    this.studentService = studentService;
}
//
private userService studentService;
@Autowired
public void setStudentService(@Qualifier("newStudentService")userService studentService) {
    this.studentService = studentService;
}