c++ （一）输入输出、数组、字符串、结构、共用体、枚举

学习方法：理论-实践-经验-理论-实践-经验······

正文：

1.输入、输出、数组使用

涉及知识点：cin和 cout

数组的声明创建

sizeof 获取数组长度

strlen 获取字符串长度

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int Size = 15;
    char name1[Size];
    char name2[Size] = "C++owboy";

    cout << "Howdy! I am " << name2 << "What is your name?\n";
    cin >> name1;
    cout << "Well, " << name1 <<", your name has";
    cout << strlen(name1) << " letters and is stored \n";
    cout << "in an array of " << sizeof(name1) << " bytes. \n";
    cout << "Your initial is " << name1[0] << ".\n";
    name2[3] = '\0'; //使用【\0】截断字符，之后的都被忽略
    cout << "Hear are the first 3 characters of my name: ";
    cout << name2 << endl;

    return 0;
}

            

2.cin.getline()

每次读取一行数据。避免出现cin读取到一个空格、制表和换行就结束的情况

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int Arsize = 20;
    char name[Arsize];
    char dessert[Arsize];

    cout << "Enter your name:\n";
    cin.getline(name, Arsize);
    cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
    cin.getline(dessert, Arsize);
    cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
    cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";

    return 0;
}

//Enter your name:
//Fish man
//Enter your favorite dessert:
//cake
//I have some delicious cake for you, Fish man.

3.str的使用，对比c数组

c++的string对象使用与数组用法大致相同，更加方便和安全。

int main() {
    using namespace std;
    char charr1[20];
    char charr2[20] = "jaguar";

    string str1;
    string str2 = "panther";

    cout << "Enter a kind of feline: ";
    cin >> charr1;
    cout << "Enter another kind of feline: ";
    cin >> str1;

    cout << "Here are some felines: \n";
    cout << charr1 << " " << charr2 << " " << str1 << " " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "The third letter in " << charr2 << " is " << charr2[2] << endl;
    cout << "The third letter in " << str2 << " is " << str2[2] << endl;

    string animal = {"The Big"};
    cout << "animal:" << animal << endl;
    //字符串拼接
    string dog = animal + " dog";
    cout << "dog:" << dog << endl;
    //数组长度
    cout << "size: " << dog.size() << endl;

    return 0;
}
Enter a kind of feline:cat
Enter another kind of feline:lion
Here are some felines:
cat jaguar lion panther
The third letter in jaguar is g
The third letter in panther is n

animal:The Big
dog:The Big dog
size: 11

4.结构的使用

int main() {
    struct student {
        std::string name;
        float height;
        double score;
    };

    student s1[] =
            {
                    {"Tom", 1.7, 98},
                    {"Amy", 1.9, 99}
            };

    std::cout << "student s1:"
              << s1[0].name << ", "
              << s1[0].height << ", "
              << s1[1].score << std::endl;
    return 0;
}
//输出：student s1:Tom, 1.7, 998

5.共用体union的使用

常用于节省内存。其长度是最大成员的长度，每次只能存一个值。

int main() {
    using namespace std;
    struct student {
        string name;
        //成绩可以是1~100的分数，或‘A’,‘B’,'C'
        union score {
            int score_num;
            char score_char[1];
        } score_val;
    };

    student st1;
    st1.name = "小明";
    st1.score_val.score_num = 100;
    cout << "st1 name: " << st1.name << "score: " << st1.score_val.score_num << endl;

    //score修改成了score_char类型的‘A’，原来的100失效
    st1.score_val.score_char[0]= 'A';
    cout << "st1 name: " << st1.name << "score: " << st1.score_val.score_char[0] << endl;

    return 0;
}
//st1 name: 小明score: 100
//st1 name: 小明score: A

6.枚举的使用

默认不指定值从0开始，每次加1。指定值后的也是每次自增1

enum Level {
    ZhuJi = 1,LianQi = 2,YuanYin = 3,JinDan = 4,
    DaCheng = 1000,
    FaXian, //1001
    ZhiZun, //1002
    DiZun, //1003
    ShenWang //1004
};

7.指针的使用，指针分配内存，释放内存

    int dog = 6;
    double price = 21.5;
    int *d = &dog;
    cout << &dog << ", " << &price << ", " << *d << endl;

    int *cat = new int;//分配合适的内存
    *cat = 99;
    cout << "*cat: " << *cat;
    delete cat;//释放内存

8.动态数组的创建，赋值，使用和释放

    using namespace std;
    auto *money = new double[3];
    money[0] = 12.12;
    money[1] = 25.5;
    money[2] = 9.98;
    cout << "print money: " << money[0] << ", " << money[1] << ", " << money[2] << endl;
    delete[]money;
    return 0;

9.指针数组和运算

数组名==数组首元素的地址==数组的地址

int main() {
    using namespace std;

    double wages[3] = {10000.0, 20000.0, 30000.0};
    double *pw = wages;
    cout << " 指针所指向的地址pw，*pw：" << pw << ", " << *pw << endl;//---：0x78553ffe40, 10000
    cout << " 数组名指向的地址wages[]：" << wages << endl;//---0x78553ffe40
    cout << " 首元素指向的地址wages[0]：" << wages[0] << endl;//---10000

    pw = pw + 1;
    cout << " 指针加1后的地址：pw，*pw：" << pw << ", " << *pw << endl;//---0x78553ffe48, 20000

    return 0;
}

10.用new创建动态结构

两种方式赋值，（*指针名）.xxx   或者指针名->属性名

 using namespace std;

    struct inf {
        string name;
        float volume;
        double price;
    };

    inf *ps = new inf;

    (*ps).name = "John";
    ps->price = 200.01;
    ps->volume = 20.87;

    cout << "Hi," << ps->name << ",it is:"
         << (*ps).volume << ", "
         << (*ps).price << endl;
    //Hi,John,it is:20.87, 200.01
    delete ps;
    return 0;

11.c++管理数据内存的方式：

自动存储：在函数内定义的常规变量，即自动变量，使用自动存储空间。存储在栈中，后进先出。

在函数被调用时产生，函数结束后自动释放。

静态存储：函数外定义的变量，或使用static修饰。

动态存储：使用new和delete手动控制，更加灵活。

12.数组Array和模板类Vector的使用

array<typeName, n_elem> arr; 

vector<typeName> vt (n_elem);

其中typeName表示类型名称，n_elem代表元素个数

vector<int> vt1(3);
vt1[0] = 100;
vt1[1] = 200;
vt1[2] = 300;

array<double, 4> array1 = {10.5, 21.1, 9.99, 5.20};

13.前向引用声明

在引用未定义的类之前，把该类的名字告诉编译器，告诉它这是一个类名，不会报错。

class MyString; //在头文件处就用class关键字声明

int main() {
    return 0;
}

//具体类定义在下面
class MyString{
 string s;
}