matplotlib
文章目录
What is matplotlib ?
数据可视化package,模仿MATLAB构建
Start with an Example
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假设一天中每隔两个小时的气温分别是[15, 13, 14,5,17, 20, 25, 26, 24, 22, 18, 15]
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt # set figure size plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80) x = range(2,26,2) y1 = [15, 13, 14, 5, 17, 20, 25, 26, 24, 22, 18, 15] y2 = [13, 19, 18, 26, 33, 27, 20, 22, 21, 23, 16, 18] plt.plot(x,y1,label="day 1") plt.plot(x,y2,label="day 2",color="orange",linestyle="--",alpha=0.7) # add legend plt.legend(loc="lower right") # set axis plt.xticks(range(2,25,4)) plt.yticks(range(min(y),max(y)+1)) # grid plt.grid(alpha=0.7) # save figure plt.savefig("./temperature.png") plt.show()
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import random
x = range(120)
y = [random.randint(20,35) for i in range(120)]
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
# set x axis
_xtick_labels = ["10:{0}".format(i) for i in range(60)]
_xtick_labels += ["11:{0}".format(i) for i in range(60)]
plt.xticks(list(x)[::10],_xtick_labels[::10],rotation=90)
# add desciption
plt.xlabel("Time")
plt.ylabel("Temperature($^\circ$C)")
plt.title("'Temperature change from 10:00 to 12:00'")
plt.plot(x,y)
设置中文显示
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通过matplotlib.rc修改(might not work)
font = {'family': "Microsoft Yahei", 'size' : '10'} matplotlib.rc("font",**font)
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通过matplotlib的font manager修改
my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname="/System/Library/Fonts/PingFang.ttc") plt.xticks(x,xticks,fontproperties=my_font) plt.legend(prop=my_font)
常用统计图对比—如何选择合适的统计图
- 折线图:以折线的上升或下降来表示统计数量的增减变化的统计图
特点:能够显示数据的变化趋势,反映事物的变化情况(变化) - 直方图:由一系列高度不等的纵向条纹或线段表示数据分布的情况,一般用横轴表示数据范围,纵轴表示分布情况
特点:绘制连续性的数据,展示一组或者多组数据的分布状况(统计) - 条形图:排列在工作表的列或行中的数据可以绘制到条形图中
特点:绘制离散的数据,能够一眼看出各个数据的大小,比较数据之间的差别(统计) - 散点图:用两组数据构成多个坐标点,考察坐标点的分布,判断两变量之间是否存在某种关联或总结坐标点的分布模式
特点: 1. 判断变量之间是否存在数量关联趋势,2.展示离群点(分布规律)
散点图
An Example: 展示北京3月、10月的每日最高温
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
a = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]
b = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]
x_a = range(1,32)
x_b = range(40,71)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.scatter(x_a,a)
plt.scatter(x_b,b)
_x_tick_labels = ["{0}.Mar".format(i) for i in x_a]
_x_tick_labels += ["{0}.Oct".format(i) for i in x_b]
x = list(x_a) + list(x_b)
plt.xticks(x[::3],_x_tick_labels[::3])
plt.show()
条形图
An Example:展示电影票房数据
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
font = {'family': "Microsoft Yahei",'size':'10'}
matplotlib.rc("font",**font)
a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5:最后的骑士","摔跤吧!爸爸","加勒比海盗5:死无对证","金刚:骷髅岛","极限特工:终极回归","生化危机6:终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3:殊死一战","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]
b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
# plt.bar(a,b, width=0.5)
plt.barh(a[len(a):0:-1],b[len(b):0:-1], height=0.5, color="orange")
plt.grid(alpha=0.7)
plt.show()
coding=utf-8
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
font = {'family': "Microsoft Yahei",'size':'10'}
matplotlib.rc("font",**font)
a = ["猩球崛起3:终极之战","敦刻尔克","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","战狼2"]
b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]
b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]
b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]
bar_width = 0.2
x_14 = list(range(len(a)))
x_15 = [i+bar_width for i in x_14]
x_16 = [i+bar_width*2 for i in x_14]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.bar(range(len(a)),b_14,width=bar_width,label="9月14日")
plt.bar(x_15,b_15,width=bar_width,label="9月15日")
plt.bar(x_16,b_16,width=bar_width,label="9月16日")
#设置图例
plt.legend()
#设置x轴的刻度
plt.xticks(x_15,a)
plt.show()
直方图
An Example:统计电影市场分布状态
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]
d = 3
num_bins = (max(a)-min(a))//d
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.hist(a,num_bins) # 可以通过设置num_bins的数组,设置不均匀组距
plt.xticks(range(min(a),max(a)+d,d))
plt.grid()
plt.show()
Another Example:展示通勤时间分布
对于统计后的数据,通过条形图达到直方图的效果
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]
print(len(interval),len(width),len(quantity))
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.bar(range(12),quantity,width=1) # 设置宽度使bar重叠
_x = [i-0.5 for i in range(13)] #设置x轴的刻度
_xtick_labels = interval+[150] # 实际的刻度(加上最后一个interval的末尾)
plt.xticks(_x,_xtick_labels)
plt.grid(alpha=0.4)
plt.show()
更多绘图工具
- ECharts (JavaScript)
- plotly for Python(兼容matplotlib和pandas)
- seaborn(静态无交互)